Bredov, Mikhail Mikhailovich

Born on September 23, 1916 at the Smela station in the Kiev province . His father is General of the White Army Mikhail Konstantinovich Diterikhs , his mother is Sofya Emilievna (Ur. Bredova), a graduate of the Smolny Institute . When the Red Army attacked Odessa and the withdrawal of white units in 1918, the family was tragically separated forever. At the age of less than two years, he remained in the care of aunt Maria Emilievna Bredova, who later adopted him, and grandmother Sofia Egorovna Bredova. Women with the baby were forced to secretly go to Smolensk , because they were sought as members of the family of General Diterichs.

In 1927 they moved to Leningrad , where they lived on the Petrograd side in extremely cramped circumstances. In 1934 he graduated with honors from school and in the same year entered the Leningrad Industrial Institute . At the same time, he studied at the Flight School. He began to engage in scientific work at the institute under the guidance of Y. I. Frenkel, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1939 he graduated with honors from the LII ^[1] and entered the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology in graduate school to the doctor of physical and mathematical sciences (later academician) L. A. Artsimovich with a degree in atomic nucleus physics ^[2] .

Member of World War II since 1942, senior lieutenant technician . When the war began, he was mobilized as a pilot, but, after compiling the questionnaire, he was in a dangerous situation. Only the intervention of Academician A.F. Ioffe saved him from arrest. Thanks to the active position of A.F. Ioffe, he was included in the group of employees of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which was led by A.P. Aleksandrov , doctor of physical and mathematical sciences (later academician) and I.V. Kurchatov, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences (subsequently academician) the problem of protecting the Navy ships from mines (demagnetization) ^[3] . At first he was seconded to the Far East ^[4] , where he ensured the commissioning of the SBR-9 (station without magnetizing demagnetization) and the training of its personnel. After completing work on the Amur Flotilla, he was mobilized into the fleet and in the autumn of 1942 was appointed to the Volga Military Flotilla (WWF) as a senior engineer ^[5] .

Rear Admiral B.A. Tkachenko wrote that

“M.P. Bredov, an employee of LFTI mobilized into the fleet,” played a “significant role in the demagnetization of ships and vessels on the Volga and, in general, in the formation of the SRK (ship demagnetization service) at the WWF” . He also noted that “despite the difficult working conditions, constant artillery shelling and bombing by enemy aircraft, during round-the-clock operation, the personnel of the SRF of the WWF, under the guidance of officers of the Navy’s CC and the LFTI, completed all command tasks and, together with the miners, provided military activity for the WWF ships and uninterrupted transportation of the most important military cargo by ships of the Volga river basin .

- ^[6]

After the defeat of the Nazis near Stalingrad and the successful crossing of the Dnieper by our troops, the demagnetizing specialists of the ships were transferred to the Dnieper naval flotilla . Mikhail Bredov was again appointed senior engineer ^[7] . Then, with the development of the Soviet offensive westward, he continued this work on the Vistula , Oder , Elbe and in Berlin ^[2] .

Demobilized in August 1945 with the rank of senior lieutenant ^[2] .

After the war, he returned to the Physico-Technical Institute, defended his thesis “on a special topic” ^[8] . In 1948, he married the architect Natalia Alekseevna Ilyinskaya, daughter of the famous botanist Alexei Porfirevich Ilyinsky . In 1952, he began teaching at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. For almost twenty years, he lectured in statistical physics, electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, special theory of relativity, astrophysics ^[2] .

However, during this period a new wave of repression began. In 1950, A.F. Ioffe was forced to resign from the post of director of LFTI. Hard going through this alienation, he nevertheless continued to develop advanced fields of science and in 1952 managed to obtain permission to create the Semiconductor Laboratory (since 1954, the Institute of Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences ) ^[9] . Mikhail Bredov was dismissed from LFTI at the end of 1952 without the possibility of getting a job somewhere. The question arose about his expulsion from Leningrad . The death of Stalin in March 1953 allowed A.F. Ioffe to again intervene in the situation and render him invaluable help. He went to Moscow and obtained permission to hire Mikhail Bredov to work in the Semiconductor Laboratory he created. He was enlisted as a senior researcher, and in 1959 he headed the laboratory already as part of the Institute of Semiconductors ^[10] .

The death of A.F. Ioffe in 1960 was a heavy blow for Mikhail Bredov, who had lost his teacher, a person close in spirit. He wrote in his memoirs:

“Using the examples of the fate of many, many scientists, one could trace the remarkable quality of Abram Fedorovich ... - the ability to combine personal and state interests, the ability to combine a completely individual and deeply human approach to everyone with anticipation and consideration of the prospects for the development of science and society”, and “the first the post-war years - the years of hard work on solving the atomic problem - ... showed how vital it was for the country to retain its scientific personnel. ”

- ^[11] .

A year after the death of A.F. Ioffe, at the invitation of Academician B.P. Konstantinov , he returned to the Physico-Technical Institute. Here he first became the head of the Space Research Laboratory, and in 1963, at the suggestion of B. P. Konstantinov, organized and headed the Astrophysical Department ^[12] .

During the years of the “thaw” he defended his doctoral dissertation ^[13] , became a professor ^[14] , got the opportunity to travel abroad. On scientific trips, he was in France , Italy , England , Yugoslavia , the USA . In 1970, he was nominated as a candidate for corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences ^[15] , but a serious illness prevented further active work. Strong natural health was undermined by war and persecution, in 1976, Mikhail Bredov died of a third heart attack.

He combined the experience of an experimental physicist with a deep knowledge of theory, possessing a sharp heuristic scientific mind and a broad outlook, made a tangible contribution to various fields of physics - elementary particle physics, electron physics, solid state and semiconductor physics, astrophysics, theoretical physics, evolution theory ^[16] . Already at the beginning of his career, in 1947, the leadership of the Physicotechnical Institute noted him

"... deep knowledge in various fields of modern physics, the ability to mathematics and deep skills in performing calculations on electronic optics and related issues" ^[17]

He proposed an intense source of positive alkali metal ions, which in mass spectrometry is known as the "Source of Bredov." He carried out pioneering work on the ion doping of semiconductors, ahead of similar developments in the United States and Japan, he is now called the founder of ion implantation.
In the process of space and astrophysical research, he led, in particular, the development of scientific instruments for the Lunokhod ^[18] and satellites ^[19] .
Together with B.P. Konstantinov he studied the theory of antimatter. In recent years, has been fond of biofield issues.

He was a brilliant lecturer, a talented teacher. Students noted an amazing manner of communication, his lectures were distinguished by an impeccable speech and a clearly built thought ^[20] . Colleagues characterized his teaching activities as "great success" ^[21] . He lectured at the best universities in the United States.
Academician B.P. Konstantinov, speaking in defense of the doctoral dissertation of Mikhail Bredov, said:

... Mikhail Mikhailovich has an exceptional range of knowledge not only in the fields of physics and mathematics .. Any area of ​​human culture is not alien to him. He speaks many languages, knows fiction, music ... Mikhail Mikhailovich, with the same right as a doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences, can be awarded a doctorate in rhetoric ^[22] .

• He was awarded state awards, including medals "For military merits", "For the victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.", "For the capture of Berlin", "For valiant work in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. . "
• In 1980, posthumously, M. M., as a member of the team of authors, was nominated for the USSR State Prize for a series of works on the topic “Radiation Effects in Germany and Silicon” ^[23] .

1. Bredov M. M. Automatic compensation of the space charge in electron beams // Collection, dedicated to the 70th anniversary of academician A. F. Ioffe-M., 1950. - P. 155-173.
2. Bredov M.M., Fedorenko N.V. Measurement of effective cross sections for recharging alkali metal ions. ZHTF. 1950.V. 20, Iss. 4.
3. Bredov M. M., Komarova R. F., Regel A. R. Investigation of changes in the rectifying properties of a metal-semiconductor point contact under the influence of semiconductor irradiation with alkali metal ions. DAN USSR. 1954. XXII. No. 1. S. 69-75.
4. Bredov M. M., Muromsky A. B. On the change in the surface properties of p-silicon upon irradiation with lithium ions. FTT. 1962.T. IV. S. 562-564.
5. Balabanova L. A., Bredov M. M. Plasma vibrations in solids. FTT. 1964. T.VI, No. 10. S. 3142-3148.
6. Bakulin E. A., Bredov M. M. The energy of plasmons and the work function of metals. FTT. 1977.T. XII. No. 3. S. 891.
7. Bredov MM About the use of neutron spectroscopy for the study of physical properties in solid and liquid states. Izv. USSR Academy of Sciences. Rel. Metallurgy and fuel. 1960. No. 6. P. 87.
8. Bredov M. M., Kotov B. A., Okuneva N. M., Oskotsky V. S., Shakh-Budagov A. L. On the possibility of measuring the spectra of thermal vibrations using coherent inelastic neutron scattering by polycrystals. FTT. 1967. T.IX. Vol. 1, pp. 237–293.
9. Konstantinov B. P., Bredov M. M., Belyaevsky A. I., Sokolov I. A. On the possible antimatter nature of micrometeors. Space exploration. 1966. T.IV. No. 1. S. 66-74.
10. Konstantinov B.P., Bredov M.M., Mazets E.P. Experimental data testifying against the hypothesis of a dust cloud of the Earth. DAN USSR. 1967. 174. No. 3. P. 580.
11. Bredov M. M. Corpuscular flows of medium and low energies and their application for studying the physical properties of matter // Report on a set of works submitted for the degree of Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. 1967.
12. Bredov M. M., Rumyantsev V. V., Toptygin I. G. Classical electrodynamics: Textbook.-M., 1985.

The full list contains 58 publications and inventions.

Wife - Ilyinskaya Natalia Alekseevna (1918) - architect (I.E. Repin Institute of the USSR Academy of Arts). Specialized in landscape architecture. Senior Lecturer, Department of Greening of Populated Areas, Forestry Academy named after S. M. Kirov and the Faculty of Architecture of the Institute. I. E. Repin Academy of Arts of the USSR. Member of the Union of Architects of the USSR. For many years, she headed the Landscape Architecture Section of the Leningrad Branch of the USSR Union of Architects. The author of the restoration of historical gardens and parks ^[24] .

Daughter - Bredova Maria Mikhailovna (1951) - art critic (I.E. Repin Institute of the Academy of Arts of the USSR). Specialized in urban research and restoration of architectural monuments. She worked in St. Petersburg Research Institute "Special Project Restoration" (head of the Architectural and Restoration Workshop, head of the Department of Expertise). State expert of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.