Avar raids - predatory campaigns of the rulers of the accident , committed mainly in the Transcaucasian countries.
The raids were provoked by the ruling elite and were especially frequent in the XVIII century [1] . According to A. A. Neverovsky, the mountaineers βwere never so terrible, in general for the whole of Transcaucasia, as in the second half of the 18th century, and especially when they had the leader Omar Khan of Avarβ [2] . The encyclopedia of Efron and Brockhaus writes of the Avars as one of the "Lezgi tribes, once, especially in the XVIII century, very strong, inspiring fear in the neighbors." [3] .
The raids were carried out not only for economic reasons, but were also a moral imperative. The raid was the main test of the personal qualities of the mountaineer. Robbery was for them a matter of honor, valor and heroism [4] [5] . The raiding system is briefly characterized by Bestuzhev-Marlinsky who wrote that the Avars βwell-aimed riflemen β gloriously act on foot; riding only on raids, and then very few. Revenge is a shrine to them; robbery is glory. However, it is often compelled to be necessary β [6] [7] .
Campaign Timeline
968
The ruler of Derbent, Emir Ahmad Abd al-Malik, gathered troops from remote areas, mainly from Sarir, and, moving on Shirvan, took Shabaran by attack, invaded it and burned it. The invaders removed countless loot from Shabaran and its environs. On the way back, the Avars entered al-Bab one day earlier than the emir; and riots broke out in the city. One hundred Avar chiefs were killed, and the booty they captured in Shirvan was looted [8] .
971
The ruler of the accident made a predatory raid in the Derbent emirate . Near Derbent, the Avars inflicted a crushing defeat on the Derbent emir, killing over a thousand people [8] .
1032
In 1032, the Avars and Alans, having entered into an agreement, jointly attacked Shirvan and took Yazidiyah by force. There and in other places of Shirvan, they killed over 10 thousand people and stayed in the country for 10 days, digging the earth and extracting money and property that the residents hid there. When their hands were filled with Muslim goodness, they headed to their country, but as soon as they reached the Wooden (al-hashab) Gate (In hand. B: Bab al-hashab, in hand. A: Bab-h.sh.b. without al, which leads to the idea of ββa proper name), how the people of the border regions of Derbent attacked them, blocked roads and gorges and killed many Avars and Alans: it was a massacre, a similar to which was never mentioned. They robbed them of all Muslim property, living and inanimate, which they took away from Shirvan. Only a small detachment was saved, including the ruler of the Alans. [8] .
1710
The ruin of Shirvan and the capture of Shemakha [9] .
1714
The Kakhetian king, who was powerless before the raids of the Jarians, undertook to pay an annual tribute of 100 mists [10] .
1722
Jar Avars attacked Tiflis , which was supposed to pay indemnity of 60 thousand mists [9] [10] [11] .
1735
The raid of Ummah Khan III into Tarkov shamshalstvo . The uprising of the peasants of Shamkhalstvo Tarkovsky against the invasion of the Avars. The local population fought with Umakhan near the village of Paul, and in this battle Umakhan was killed, and the remaining detachment fled to Avaria.
1774
The campaign of the Avar Nutsal [1] in the Cuban Khanate and the capture of Shemakha [13] .
1785
The raid of Ummah Khan IV in Transcaucasia, as a result of which the Georgian Kartli-Kakheti and Imereti kingdoms , as well as the Armenian region of Lori, were ravaged [14] . The largest raid committed against Georgia [15] . Georgian king Irakli II was forced to enter into negotiations with the Ummah Khan and pledged to pay an annual tribute of 10 thousand rubles in silver [16] .
1786
April. Having wintered in Akhaltsikhe , the Ummah Khan through the Yerevan Khanate went to Karabakh , to his ally Ibrahim Khan [17] . From there, through Georgia and Shirvan, he returned to his homeland, plundered the Ganja Khanate along the way and took from him an indemnity in the amount of 5 thousand rubles [18] [19] .
The end of the year. The Ummah Khan once again raided the Cuban Khanate. Approaching Shemakha, the Avars suddenly attacked and captured the city. Shemakha was burned, and the inhabitants were killed. The nearby city of Kuhnashahar was also burned, after which the Ummah Khan returned to the mountains [20] . The Cuban Khan was forced to enter into negotiations with the Ummah Khan, gave his daughter to him as a wife, and transferred the Salyan District [19] and 200 thousand rubles of indemnity [9] [21] .
1787
The Ummah Khan went to Georgia, and from there to Karabakh to his son-in-law Ibrahim Khan. Then, Nutsal moved towards Nakhichevan and took him in a fit after a 17-day siege. After that, the Avars defeated the army of the "seven Azerbaijani khanates" [2] , entered Karadag and ruined it. According to H. Genichutlinsky, "in every village, in every city where the troops of Uma Khan broke in, there was always death and destruction." In particular, the Gumush fortress was captured and its population destroyed, the city of Gavazi was taken three times, etc. [20] . Having completed the raid, the Ummah Khan returned to Jar with prey [20] [22] .
1796
After the deployment of Russian troops in Georgia, the payment of tribute to the Avar Khanate ceased [23] [24] . The Ummah Khan, in response, sent his brother Gebek and the Vizier Aliskandi to Kartli-Kakheti with an army. Kakheti was plundered. Avars burned down 6 villages to the ground [25] , and took the inhabitants and livestock with them to the mountains [26] .
1800
Avar nutsal, together with the Iranian Shah moved towards Georgia. After some time, the Persians turned back, deciding not to provoke a war with Russia. The Ummah Khan nevertheless moved on [27] , captured a large booty and headed for Tiflis . However, on the Iori River, the Avars were defeated by the Russian-Georgian army and retreated to Jar [28] .
See also
- Lekianoba
- Dzharsky campaign of General Gulyakov
Notes
- Comments
- β Nutsal - the title of the khans of the Accident [12] .
- β According to H. Genichutlinsky, these were the troops of Yerevan , Khoy , Maragin , Karadag , Urmi and some other khanates.
- Sources
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- β A.A. Neverovsky . A brief historical view of northern and central Dagestan before the destruction of the influence of the Lezghins in Transcaucasia . - Book on Demand. - SPb. : Type. military schools, 1848. - 44 p. - ISBN 978-5-518-06845-2 .
- β Avar District // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907. - T. 1. - S. 52.
- β Yu. U. Dadaev. The state of Shamil: socio-economic situation, political-legal and military-administrative system of management. - Mh. : Ihlas, 2005 .-- S. 53.
- β J.A. Gordin . Caucasian Atlantis: 300 years of war . - M .: Time, 2011. - S. 114. - ISBN 978-5-9691-0620-8 .
- β Bestuzhev A. A. βCaucasian Talesβ
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- β 1 2 Historical collection . - M .: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1934. - S. 196. - T. 1.
- β I.P. Petrushevsky . Jaro-Belakan free societies in the first third of the 19th century: internal structure and struggle against the Russian colonial offensive. - Tf. , 1934. - S. 15.
- β S. M. Bronevsky . A historical extract about the relations of Russia with Persia, Georgia, and generally with the mountain peoples who have been living in the Caucasus since the time of Ivan Vasilievich to this day . - Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS. - SPb. : Petersburg Oriental Studies, 1996 .-- 234 p. - ISBN 5-85803-025-4 .
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