Yellow

Spectral Sources

• The double yellow line of the emission spectrum of sodium ions is D1 (589.59 nm) and D2 (588.99 nm).
• The double line of the emission spectrum of mercury ions is λ1 (577.0 nm), λ2 (579.1 nm).

Yellow Organic

• Yellow flowers are given to the flowers of dandelion , gentian , buttercup , sunflower , etc. carotenoids give: flavoxanthin , taraxanthin and lutein .
• Lutein and xanthophyllum , which participates in photosynthesis along with green chlorophyll, gives yellow color to autumn leaves and grains.
• The same color as xanthophyllum , as well as orange carotenoids, gives egg yolk yellow. They are contained in the grains of plants eaten by the bird.
• The color of the urine of healthy animals is determined by an organic pigment - bilirubin , which is formed from hemoglobin .
• With hepatitis, the liver is not able to process bilirubin . A large amount of bilirubin accumulates in the blood, due to which the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. This symptom is called jaundice .
• Bile is yellow, so in the Middle Ages, medicines from yellow plants were given for liver diseases. Some of them entered scientific medicine in the same role ( dandelion , yellow gentian ).

•  

  Corn

•  

  Canary

•  

  Chickens

•  

  Dandelion

•  

  Yolk

•  

  Banana

•  

  Lemon

Yellow Inorganic Pigments

• Cadmium Yellow (Cadmium Yellow) - Cadmium Sulfide
• Chrome yellow
• Yellow ocher and yellow sand owe their color to ferric ions .

The lightest and brightest color in the spectrum. Psychologists call yellow a tonic and “encouraging” color that stimulates the mental life of a person.

In the Russian Empire, until 1917, state buildings were painted in this color. In general, psychiatric hospitals were called the “yellow house” (for example, “Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboedov, Phenomenon 16: “Zagoretsky:“ They seized him in a yellow house and put him on a chain ”.

• In Russian, to designate colors in which a yellow tint is present to varying degrees, complex words with the first component of yellow are used ^[2] , yellow , yellowish . For example, yellowish green , yellowish red ^[3] .
• And also used the following names shades of yellow ^[4] :
• Apricot - yellowish-straw, orangeish-pale yellow, apricot color.
• Aurora - on behalf of Aurora - the goddess of the morning dawn in Roman mythology. Light orange-pink or yellow with a reddish tint.
• Alabaster (alavastrovy) - pale yellow with a matte shade. More often this color is used when talking about complexion.
• Blondes - golden lace from raw silk, especially popular in the first half of the 19th century, very expensive, were used to decorate women's dresses, caps, hats. Blond color - light, with a golden yellow tint (hence the name of blonde women - blonde ).
• Bronze - golden brown, dark yellow with shine, bronze and tan.
• Camel hair is brownish yellow.
• Verdepechevy - yellow or pink shade of green.
• Wax - pale yellow. Usually about complexion.
• Waxed - the color of the wax, from yellow gray to amber yellow.
• Pea - gray, greenish or dirty yellow. In the second half of the 19th century, the phraseology “pea overcoat” or “pea coat” was perceived as a sign of involvement in the detective department, and became a symbol of the informant.
• Giraffe - yellow brown.
• Gold - brightly brilliant.
• Gold - yellow with glitter, the color of gold . The main color in the icon painting.
• Isabelovy - pale straw, usually refers to the color of horses - fair-haired; Izhelt - whitish with a white tail and mane.
• Izhelt - yellow, with the addition of a different color.
• “Cardinal on a straw” is a combination of yellow and red (with these colors, the French aristocracy protested about the conclusion of Cardinal de Rogan in the Bastille in connection with the case of the “Queen's necklace”).
• Cream - light yellowish-beige.
• Lavalier is yellowish light brown.
• Lime - saturated yellowish-green, dark lime , lime color.
• Fallow deer is tawny.
• Jade - saturated golden yellow, like the color of some varieties of tea.
• Olive - dark yellowish-green, the color of olives .
• Opal - milky white, dull white with yellow or blue.
• Selective yellow - dark yellow, the color of the fog lights of cars.
• Fawn - pale yellow, pinkish-beige shade of yellow or straw color of different shades (from French paille - “straw.” According to Dahl, fawn - straw color, pale yellowish. White-yellowish, yellowish-white; yellowish-whitish; about horses: saline and isabella; about dogs: sex; about pigeons: clay. Karamzin sang fawn cream ^[5] ).
• Sand color - Isser-pale yellowish.
• Floating - yellow-whitish, white-yellow, straw-colored (from "melt bread").
• Pleseza - white mourning stripes on a black dress.
• "The last breath of Jaco" is yellow-red. Perhaps because before death, the eyes of a parrot will turn yellow.
• Yellow is an admixture of yellow, yellow. Green with yellow.
• Somo - from the French “ salmon ”, “ salmon ”: light pink-yellow, body - pinkish-yellow.
• Tobacco - yellow brown.
• Tarmalam is a very dense thick golden silk fabric, one of the most expensive imported oriental fabrics. Used when sewing robes.
• Light and bright khaki are the corresponding yellowish variations of green-brown.

• Champagne - pale pink-yellow, the color of champagne .
• Chartreuse is yellow-green.
• Ecru - pale gray-yellow or light gray-yellow-brown, the color of unbleached silk or linen .
• Yuftevy - yellowish-light brown.
• Amber - a dark, saturated orange-yellow, the color of natural amber .

Yellow light has minimal diffusion in the atmosphere , therefore it is used as a signal, warning color; often in combination with black oblique stripes - to increase visual contrast .

Yellow mark gas cylinders , using it to:

• Names of gases nitrogen , butylene , carbon dioxide ;
• coloring of cylinders for ammonia ;
• application of a strip of sulfur dioxide , freon -22.

Mythology and beliefs

The Chuvash believe that the feathers of the Oriole ( chuvash. Sar kayӑk - Yellow Bird) help well from jaundice . They search for its nest in the forest, choose yellow feathers, soak it in water, and then wash the patient’s body with this water.

Relations with China and the East

• In China, yellow symbolized both life and death. The abode of the dead was called the "Yellow Keys", but the yellow crane was an allegory of immortality ^[6] .
• Yellow color symbolized China and the Chinese emperor . Chinese commoners in the past did not have the right to dress in yellow, since this was the color of the ruling dynasty.
• Lead pencils are painted yellow. This custom is due to the fact that the best graphite was in China, and only Chinese pencils were painted yellow in the past. According to another version, the Czech factory Kohinor, which began mass production of pencils, used the colors of the imperial flag of Austria - black and golden yellow - to paint them.
• The yellow race (" yellow-faced ") is called the Mongoloid race , especially those of its representatives who came from Asia, see also Yellow Danger .
• The Yellow Sea - so named because the Yellow River flowing into it brings a lot of suspended material, muddy water.
• "Yellow Faith" ( Mong. Sharyn Shashin ) ^[7] is the most common designation of the Gelug Buddhist Tibetan school in the Mongolian world, which has taken root in Europe in the form of "yellow caps". Both variants owe their origin to the color of the robes of the monks of this school. The phrase "yellow faith" was often used as a synonym for Buddhism in general.

Literary Associations

In Russian poetry of the 18th - 19th centuries , the epithet “golden” (“golden fields”, “golden rays of the sun”, “golden hair”) is usually used to designate yellow. In prose, starting in the second half of the 19th century , yellow names are used in direct meaning and at the same time are associated with negative connotations of diseases (yellowed face) and violence (coloring of office buildings in St. Petersburg and other cities).

• In writing the word “yellow”, Alexander Blok distinguished between “yellow” and “yellow”, requiring strict observance of this difference by direct indications in manuscripts and proofs: ^[9]

So, for example, A. Blok, in his diaries and letters, put a special ideological and psychological meaning into the concept of “yellow” (yellow — as a synonym for emotional well-being, philistine complacency, all kinds of rudeness) - in contrast to the word “yellow” ”, Which served simply as a symbol of color.

An example is the poem “ Factory ” (“Zholty windows in the neighboring house”). ^[ten]

• In Maxim Gorky 's pamphlet , The City of the Yellow Devil, New York is portrayed as a city whose life is subordinate to the pursuit of money.
• In Taffy’s short story “Life and the Collar,” the yellow bow on the collar of the blouse turned a decent woman into a frivolous squanderer and unscrupulous liar.
• In M. Bulgakov ’s novel “The Master and Margarita, ” Margarita was with yellow (as a symbol of future trials) mimosa when meeting with the Master: “She carried disgusting, disturbing yellow flowers in her hands. The devil knows their name, but for some reason they are the first to appear in Moscow. And these flowers stood out very clearly on her black spring coat. She carried yellow flowers! Bad color. She turned with Tverskaya into an alley and then turned around. Well, do you know Tverskaya? Thousands of people walked along Tverskaya, but I guarantee you that she saw me alone and looked not only disturbingly, but even as if painfully. And I was struck not so much by her beauty as by the unusual, never seen by anyone loneliness in her eyes! Obeying this yellow sign, I also turned into an alley and followed in its tracks ... "

In Orthodoxy

Yellow is a synonym and image of gold in the Russian icon. It means warmth and love, a symbol of the Divine radiance, of God himself. It is both color and light at the same time, an image of light and a symbol of light. The second hypostasis of the Holy Trinity is the Son of God, the King of the world, to whom the icons correspond to a golden (yellow) color. Yellow is the color of the hierarchs - bishops and bishops who pleased God with their righteous life. These include: Nicholas Mir of Lycia (celebrating May 22 according to the new style and December 19), Spiridon Trimifuntsky (December 25), the great Russian ascetic Tikhon Zadonsky (August 26) and many others. Gold in general in Christian symbols occupies a special place: the wise men brought gold to the born Savior, the ark of the Covenant of ancient Israel was decorated with gold. The salvation and transformation of the human soul is also compared with gold, melted and refined in the crucible. Gold as the most expensive metal on earth serves as an expression of the most valuable in the spiritual world ^[11] .

Cultural Associations

• The song "Yellow Leaves Over the City Spin" by Raymond Pauls to verses by Shaferan and Peters ^[12] .
• Song and cartoon " Yellow submarine " ( yellow submarine ) of the group " The Beatles ".
• The song Yellow River ("Yellow River") by the British pop group Christie became the band's largest and only international hit , taking first place in the UK singles chart for a short time, second in Germany, 23rd in the hot hundred "Billboard".
• The song " Yellow " by the band " Coldplay ".

The Link to Sin, Betrayal, and Ostracism

• In medieval Spain, the heretics burned at the stake were dressed in yellow.
• Judas Iscariot was portrayed in a yellow cloak.
• The yellow flag on the ship (Yellow Jack) means that the ship is in quarantine .
• In English, yellow is associated with cowardice. In Arabic, a “yellow smile” is an insincere smile. In French, “yellow laughter” (rire jaune) is artificial laughter.
• By decree of Nicholas I , who had legalized prostitution and brothels in pre-revolutionary Russia , prostitutes were charged with the obligation to have a special “yellow ticket”, which, in particular, described in detail their state of health.
• V. I. Lenin contemptuously called the Second International “yellow” by analogy with the “yellow tickets” of prostitutes. At the same time, the Socialist International, as the assignee of the Second International, really and not without pride uses yellow as an official color, believing that this is the color of the banner of those who work not for fear but for conscience.

Call for caution

• A yellow traffic light means that it is forbidden to start moving at an intersection, but you can continue an already started movement (however, in some countries, traffic lights instead of yellow have an orange light).
• At the railway traffic light. The yellow signal allows you to proceed at a speed of not more than 60 km / h, while the next traffic light is “closed”. And also 2 yellow signals means to follow the side path at a speed of no more than 60 km / h.
• On the roads of some countries, including Russia, there is a flashing yellow signal, indicating a general call for caution.
• In car racing, a yellow flag also means a call for caution. In particular, the yellow flag prohibits overtaking.
• A yellow card in football means a warning, in contrast to a red card , which means immediate removal from the field. The yellow card is also used in other sports. In rugby, it means removal for 10 minutes.
• Yellow color is used in marking for visually impaired: they are painted with braille blocks , borders, steps, yellow circles are applied to glass doors.
• In Russia, temporary road signs, as well as signs "detour" have a yellow background.

In Vexillology

• The yellow color on the national flag of Ukraine according to the most common interpretation symbolizes wheat fields ^{[13] [14]} .
• The yellow color on the national flag of Mozambique symbolizes the wealth of the country's bowels.

Other About Yellow

• "Yellow" is one of the names of the plant Elecampane ( Inula ).
• The yellow press is called the base press, chasing sensations (often puffed or fictitious) and gossip. This term comes from the comic book The Yellow Kid, published in 1894-1898 in the newspapers New York World (New York World), published by Joseph Pulitzer , and New York Journal American . Both newspapers, except for printing comics, were known for reporting murders, accidents in fires, etc., with the aim of entertaining their readers. In addition, they began a polemic among themselves because of authorship of the comic. The third newspaper called their controversy the yellow press , and the expression became winged. According to another version, the name came from a shade of low-quality cheap paper on which low-grade publications were printed.
• Yellow pages - a section of the telephone directory containing telephones of business organizations and institutions sorted by category. In paper manuals, this section is printed on yellow paper.
• Taxis in New York and some other places, school buses in Canada and the USA and some buses in the UK are painted yellow.
• Mailboxes in Ukraine , Lithuania , Croatia, Germany , France are painted yellow.
• For a long time in the Netherlands, yellow was the color of public transport . It was painted with buses , trams and passenger trains .
• The yellow suitcase is a symbol of the annual Kazantip festival.
• An inexperienced person is called yellow-horned, because in many birds the chicks have a yellow beak .
• Yellow color sometimes symbolizes happiness and peace.
• The Yellow House is a colloquial term meaning a psychiatric hospital. Walls in psychiatric hospitals were often painted yellow. This was believed to have a calming effect on patients.
• Yellow metal is often called gold . Fasmer points out that the word "gold" comes from words denoting color ^[15] .
• Some collections of documents are called yellow books .
• Yellow smiles are now recognized worldwide.
• In the Inca nodular writing, kipu yellow denoted gold (for example, military production, consisting of gold weighing in so many units ^[16] ; however, it is not known which units were used from the Inca system of measures and weights ), as well as corn (if any inserted into the main cord of a small corncob, which had the key value for reading the pile). For example, a yellow thread meant corn, and if a blue thread (a certain province) with one or another number of knots was tied to it, then this spoke of a particular crop in this province. On archeological strands, kipu is least likely to occur.
• Yellow ticket is the household name of Russian paper currency denominations of 1 ruble, which had a light brown color. Yellow ticket - a certificate of residence issued to a prostitute in exchange for a passport.
• DC Comics Sinestro Corps uses the Yellow Strength Rings.

Astronomy

• Yellow dwarf
• Yellow giant

In the state symbols of Russia, yellow, as in icon painting, replaced gold. It was used in the coat of arms: a double-headed eagle was golden, as well as crowns and a scepter. Banners with a golden lion on a red field accompanied the great princes of Vladimir. In certain eras, the background was the gold coat of arms of Russia (as, for example, in the era of Ivan the Terrible). Then the eagle itself becomes gold and is depicted on a white background.

During the reign of Emperor Alexander II, the chairman of the heraldic chamber of the Russian Empire, Baron Ken, the sovereign's attention was drawn to the fact that the colors of the national flag of Russia did not coincide with the colors of the coat of arms (which went against the rules of heraldry). And by the Decree of Alexander II of June 11, 1858, a black-gold-white “flag of the coat of arms” was introduced: “Description of the Highest approved pattern of the arrangement of the coat of arms of the Empire on banners, flags and other items used for decoration on special occasions. The arrangement of these flowers is horizontal, the upper stripe is black, the middle is yellow (or gold), and the bottom is white (or silver). The first stripes correspond to a black state eagle in a yellow field, and a cockade of these two colors was founded by Emperor Paul I, while banners and other ornaments of these flowers were used already during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna. The lower strip is white or silver corresponds to the cockade of Peter the Great and Empress Catherine II; Emperor Alexander I, after the capture of Paris in 1814, connected the regular coat of arms with the ancient Peter the Great, which corresponds to the white or silver horseman (St. George) in the Moscow coat of arms ” ^[17] .