The principle of identity of identical particles states that it is impossible to experimentally distinguish between identical particles. The principle of identity is not a simple consequence of the impossibility of tracing the trajectory of a particle in quantum mechanics, but is a new independent principle, which has no analogues in classical mechanics.
From the principle of identity it follows that the states of a quantum system, obtained from each other by a permutation of identical particles in places, should be considered as one state. That is, in a closed system for identical (possessing the same properties: mass , charge , spin , etc.) particles, only such quantum states are realized that do not change when they are swapped by two arbitrary particles.
The mathematical expression of the identity principle is the invariance (symmetry) of the Hamiltonian describing the physical system of identical particles, with any rearrangement of their arguments [1] [2] .
A direct consequence of the principle of identity of identical particles is the Pauli principle and the symmetry of the wave functions of systems consisting of identical particles [3] .
See also
- Identical particles
- Pauli principle
Notes
- β Bethe G. Quantum mechanics. - M., Mir, 1965. - p. 23
- β Blokhintsev D.I. Fundamentals of quantum mechanics. - M., High School, 1961. - p. 384
- β Physics of the microworld, 1980 , p. 435.
Literature
- Sivukhin D.V. General Physics Course. - M .: Science , 1989. - T. V. Atomic and nuclear physics. Part 2: Nuclear Physics. - 416 s. - ISBN 5-02-014053-8 .
- ed. Shirkov DV Physics of the microworld. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1980. - 528 p.