Ivan Cherny (also Chernykh ) is a Russian Cossack and centurion of Kamchatka , a Russian explorer of the Kuril Islands .
Biography
In 1761, the Siberian governor Soimonov instructed Colonel Plenisner, the commander of the Anadyr, Okhotsk and Kamchatka fortifications, to collect detailed information about the South Kuril Islands. To this end, in 1766 it was planned to send a detachment from Bolsheretsk that included toyons (leaders) of the second island of the Kuril ridge ( Paramushir ) Nikita Chikin and the first island ( Shumshu ) Pyotr Chuprov, as well as Ivan Cherny. They ordered the smokers ( Ainu ) “to persuade into citizenship, not showing not only deeds, but also a sign of rude actions and bitterness, but hello and affection” [1] [2] . In the spring of 1766, without waiting for a decision on sending the centurion of Cherny to the distant islands, Chikin and Chuprov went south [3] . By the summer of 1767, they first reached Ushishir , then to Simushir , where Nikita Chikin suddenly died [3] . Chuprov immediately went back to the north, soon met Ivan Cherny and joined his detachment [3] .
The decision to send Black with two Cossacks to help Chikin was made by the Kamchatka administration on May 22, 1766 [3] . After the death of Chikin in 1767, Ivan the Black was at the head of an expedition to the South Kuril Islands [3] . He spent the winter of 1767/1768 in Simushir, forcing local residents to work for themselves and mercilessly punishing the guilty. In summer, he reached the island of Iturup and brought into citizenship all the local Ainu and even two visitors from Kunashir . Toyon Iturupa informed him that the Japanese had founded a fortress on Kunashir. Black settled on Urup and engaged in beaver fishing, continuing to exploit local residents. September 25, 1769 Ivan the Black returned to Kamchatka with a rich load of furs [4] . The activities of the Black and other Russian merchants aroused bitterness and revolt of the Ainu, who in 1771 killed many Russians on the islands of Chirpoy and Urup [2] [3] . As a result of his outrages, Cherny was under investigation in Irkutsk, where he died during a smallpox epidemic [2] [3] .
The Black expedition of 1766-1769 made a great contribution to the study of the Kuril Islands [5] . For more than a hundred years - until the very end of the XIX century, the data of the Black were the foundation of the knowledge of Russians about the Kuril Islands [5] . He went all the Kuril ridge to the north of Iturup and made a very detailed and extremely sensible description of all the islands he visited [5] . The calculation of the Kuril Islands, given by the Black, remained unchanged in the XIX century [4] . The "Journal" of Cherny formed the basis of a detailed summary of the Kuril Islands, compiled by the head of the Irkutsk Navigation School - second major Tatarinov (1785) [5] . The entire “Journal” was published a hundred years later in the article “The Kuril Islands” by Alexander Polonsky (1871) [1] . His work in 1775 was continued by Grigory and Vasily Shelikhov, in 1777-1779 also Fedor Shabalin, Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin, Ivan Antipin [6] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Polonsky, A. S. Kuril. — Notes of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. According to the Department of Ethnography. - T. 4.— SPb., 1871. - S. 367-576
- ↑ 1 2 3 The Conquest of the Hairy // Around the World , January 1, 2002.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Vysokov M.S., Vasilevsky A.A., Kostanov A.I., Ischenko M.I. History of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Ch. eleven.
- ↑ 1 2 A journal, or a note, made by the Cossack centurion Ivan Cherny, who was on the Kuril Islands, even before the 19th island, was traced and found on these notes in the distance of those islands and those living on these peoples and other things // Russian expeditions to study North Pacific in the second half of the XVIII century. / Fedorova T.S., Glazunova L.V., Fedorova G.N .. - M: Nauka, 1989. - (Russian Studies in the Pacific Ocean in the 18th - First Half of the 19th Centuries. Volume 2).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Gorshkov G.S. Volcanism of the Kuril island arc . - M: Science, 1967.
- ↑ Kuril Islands - Russian land