Mankovka

In 1875, the 1st Division of the Hussar Akhtyrsky Regiment was stationed in Mankovka.

The village, a regional center, is located in the western part of Cherkasy region, 200 kilometers from the regional center of Cherkasy and the same amount from the capital of Ukraine, Kiev, 5 kilometers from the Potash railway station and 12 km from the Odessa - Kiev - St. Petersburg, to Uman - 30 km. The relief of the village is complex. Altitude is from 180 to 265 meters.

It was founded at the beginning of the seventeenth century. From the middle of the XIV century until 1569, the Uman region, as well as the territory of the entire Kiev state, was captured by Lithuanian feudal lords. On the land of our region in these years the Crimean Tatars attacked. They robbed and burned villages, took them prisoner and sold our people at fairs of Crimean cities. The raid of the Crimean Tatars was a scarecrow for the population.

The population of Right-Bank Ukraine experienced much grief from the devastating attacks of the Turks and Tatars, which came to our lands more than 45 times. By 1674, Mankovka was a city. In the same year, the Turks burned the settlement, destroying the entire population. In order to defend themselves from a dangerous enemy in the future, the Mankovites around the city - in the north, south, west and east - put 4 towers (Strazhnitsa). On them in the summer and winter in any weather, sentinels stood. In case of danger, they lit tar on the towers, laid a hen. They also informed that enemies were approaching Mankovka.

At this time, residents fled into the forest through the underground passages. Such moves were dug in the XV-XVI centuries. They originate from the Mankiwka River and stretch to the northeast, east and southeast.

The Mankovka River flows from southwest to northeast between the streets of Vatutin (former Chernihiv) and Kalinina (former Long). On the eastern bank of the Mankiwka River there was a deep ravine, cliffs, and then an impenetrable forest. It is in this ravine that underground passages begin.

Of course, at that time they played a big role for the inhabitants of Mankiwka, when they entered the city, the Tatars were puzzled. For a long time they did not know where the population was going. Later, these moves became unusable. And now they are a historical memory of the past.

Of the many versions about the origin of the name of the settlement, it most likely comes from the root of Manka, which means “left hand”, that is, the settlement was to the left of what a great path, or it was necessary to get to it in a roundabout way. It is possible that it could initially be associated with the name of the Hetman of the Commonwealth, Marcin Kalinowski. In archival documents, it is also called Cretaceous. In 1609, his father A. - V. Kalinovsky received the so-called Uman desert in his property, after which the region began to be intensively populated.

On one of the ancient maps dating back to 1613, the city of Matskhivka is marked between Uman and beeches. However, the exact dating of this map has not been established. The oldest reliable document mentioning Mankovka dates back to 1622. For several years there have already been about one thousand residential buildings. And behind the hetman, Marcin Kalinovsky, this settlement became one of the largest cities in Ukraine. There were many beautiful architectural structures, the Kalinovsky Palace, built of durable refractory polished oak, especially impressed travelers.

However, the tycoons brutally exploited the peasants. 1648 Mankovites supported the people's liberation movement led by Bohdan Khmelnitsky. Here was formed Mankovskaya Cossack hundred with an administrative center of hundreds. Cossacks of this unit as part of the Uman regiment took part in many military battles. In the middle of the seventeenth century, Mankovka had three lines of fortifications and, in addition, three fortresses. There was a monastery outside the city, where subsequently there was a monk, the son of Bogdan Khmelnitsky and his successor to hetman Yuri Khmelnitsky.

In the winter of 1655, under the Dryzhipolskoy military company, Mankovka was robbed and burned by Polish troops. But they failed to capture the Mankovsky castle, the defense of which was led by the prominent Cossack commanders Ivan Bogun and Mikhail Zelensky. However, after these pogroms, the Mankovites were not able to rebuild their city so majestically. And after the Tatar-Turkish aggression in 1674, this settlement for many decades lay in ruins. In 1675, in Mankovka, the famous ataman Ivan Sirko defeated the two thousandth detachment of the Horde. Gradually, people began to return here. However, in the mid-eighteenth century, the population of Mankovka barely exceeded one and a half thousand people.

In 1715, on the site of the former Orthodox Church, destroyed by the Tatars, the church of sv. Was laid and consecrated by the Uman archpriest Dionysius Gayduchensky Archangel Michael. In 1726, Mankovka became the property of S. Potocki.

Around 1740, the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord was consecrated in the town. In the same year, according to archival sources, in the Mankovsky Parish there were 1105 courtyards and huts available.

February 1, 1766: entry by F. S. Pototsky, son of S. Pototsky about Mankovsky estate: "Also in the fund is attached to the named estate Monastyrek near Mankovka in my country estates belonging to the Uman volost, as well as subjects and Korchemny rent, ponds, forests according to a special map compiled by his grace Mr. Romero, limited to that map by signs, and special inventory of those villages fully described by the commissioner with all their belongings. "

In 1768 in Mankovka there were 191 households, and in 1783 there were already 284 houses. As a result of the second partition of Poland, Mankovka entered the Russian Empire. By that time, about 2600 people lived here. In 1834, Lavrenty Pokhilevich wrote in his “Legend ...”: “Mankovka, the main village in the second okrug of military settlements of the Kiev province, with a stream of the same name that flows into Tikich beyond the town of Ivankoy. Mankovka is very well built; the streets are straight, all houses are settled according to plan. State buildings are stone. Residents of both sexes: Orthodox 2550; Gentiles up to 40 ... A stone church in Mankovka, in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord, was built at the expense of the treasury in 1854 in place of the old wooden one. It relies on the state under it, except for the priest and the clerks of the diak; land has 36 acres. The salary of the clergy was assigned 308 rubles. Moreover, the clergy have an obligation to give lessons at the parish school. ”

From 1838 to 1858, with the introduction of military settlements, Mankovka became a district center. At that time, the whole village was rebuilt. All rural houses were felled and new ones set up; slots were made under the lines on the street. In 1838, Mankovka became a military settlement: the second hundred of the Kiev-Podolsky district with the second headquarters of the hussar regiment, a platoon of cavalry and the rural municipality were located here. 14 barracks and 12 auxiliary buildings were erected here. Redevelopment of the streets began and new ones were created: Krasnaya, Chernigovskaya, Officer, Worker, Nikolaev, Mikhailovskaya, Long. During this period, the central cemetery was opened (today in the area of ​​Chapaev, Sadovaya, Michurina St.), on which officers, clergy and other privileged sections of the population enjoyed the right to burial.

In 1840, a cantonist school was established in a military town, where the children of settlers studied. Pupils wore special clothes, along with their parents mastered the military profession. The school trained non-commissioned officers for a military settlement: all children aged 7 to 18 were considered cantonists, who, after completing their studies, were assigned to serve for 20 years. 1858 the school was liquidated. In 1858, the military settlement was liquidated. In 1872, according to the census, 1437 people lived in Mankovka.

In 1876, a two-year school of the Ministry of Public Education began to work with a five-year education, where 100 students studied and 7 teachers worked. In the second grade, children studied arithmetic, history, the Russian language, geography, natural sciences and the Law of God.

In 1900, in Mankovka, there were 892 yards with a population of 4,266 people. There were 2 churches, a Jewish house of worship, a hospital; there were two oilseeds, 14 - windmills and 2 - water mills and a forge. Every Wednesday there were “torzhki”. The bets belonged to the owners - Bogdanov and Khlobas.

In 1905, in the village of Mankovka, Uman district of the Kiev province, the population used 5352 tithes of land, the number of yards was 937. In 1910 a four-year school was opened, which was located in a private house. In 1912, the zemstvo built a school building with a three-year term of study. There was one teacher for 50 students.

In 1913 in the village of Mankovka there were a population of 4,156 people, there was a zemstvo hospital and pharmacy, a four-year city school and a two-year school. The sale of goods was carried out by grocery stores, grocery stores, manufactory (3), two wine shops - # 481 and # 482, services were provided by a hairdresser, three tailor workshops, and two by timber merchants. There is a warehouse of agricultural implements in the settlement. There are fairs every Tuesday.

On February 20, 1918, Soviet power was proclaimed in Mankovka. In 1923, Mankovka became the district center of the Uman district. In 1930-1935, Mankovka was part of the Butsky district. In 1935, the district center was restored in Mankovka. In the same year, a regional newspaper began to appear, a secondary school was opened.

In the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Mankovka was a volost center. Since 1923, it was reorganized into the district. Since then, twice, the Mankovsky district was liquidated and resumed again. In 1930-1935 and in 1964, Mankovka was part of the Butsk and Zhashkov districts. At the turn of the 1960s, in addition to all the settlements of the current administrative division, the Mankovsky district included a number of villages, among which were Sokolovka, Kosenivka, Stariye Babani. On January 1, 1965, Mankovka received the status of an urban-type settlement and again became a district center. Mankovsky district has 765 square kilometers. It includes 31 settlements.

It so happened that on March 7, 1918, the first German occupation began on the same day, but since 1944 it was already liberated from the German fascists. On that day, a large tank battle broke out near Mankovka. On both sides came together more than a hundred armored vehicles. Soviet tankers led by Lieutenant General S. I. Bogdanov received a brilliant victory. The enemy lost about fifty tanks.

This battle was decisive in the Uman-Batoshin operation, during which Soviet troops were commanded by Marshal of the Soviet Union I.S. Konev. Its headquarters was on the Mankovskaya Potash railway station. However, in Soviet times, they tried not to remember the glorious tank victory. The reason, obviously, was the reluctance to divulge about the tragic consequences of the January encirclement in this region of a number of Soviet divisions. With great difficulty, overcoming the new famine of 1947, the Mankovites rebuilt the settlements destroyed by the war. The local artel was one of the leading milk producers in Ukraine. Her successes were widely covered at the exhibition of achievements of the national economy in the capital of the republic. Mankovka has about 4.5 thousand hectares of agricultural land and arable land. Wheat, sugar beets, and other crops are grown here. From 1434 hectares of Mankovsky forests, about half of the area is oak, a quarter - hornbeam. Also there are growing a lot of ash, linden, birch. Conifers are rare. Among herbaceous plants there are many medicinal ones, in particular valerian, lily of the valley, wild strawberry. The district center is decorated with an alley of oaks, whose age is about one hundred years. On the territory of Mankovka lands, in the Strelolist tract on an area of ​​2 hectares, there is a state entomological reserve - settlements of rare insects - entomophages.

A significant role in the economy of the village and the entire region is played by two brick factories, a mechanical and a dairy plant, a food and household plant, a regional agro-industrialization production association, a mobile mechanized column, an incubator station. Chepelyansky Ivan Petrovich became the first director of the brick factory; he still lives in Mankovka on ul. Budyonny. There is a greenhouse complex, a bakery, a children's toy factory, a service station, gas stations and treatment facilities. A general gas distribution point was built and the district center was gasified. A digital telephone exchange has been installed. A number of peasant farms have been created.

The district center has a hospital, a clinic, a sanitary and epidemiological station, a sanatorium "Aquadar". In Mankovka there are two secondary schools, on the basis of one of which a gymnasium is open. In the village there is a training and production plant, where high school students from many schools in the district learn various specialties. There is a children's art school, a sports school, a stadium, a regional House of Culture, a club, a cinema, a regional library, a museum of the local historian, a hotel, a savings bank and branches of Aval Bank and Privat Bank. Here are the editorial offices of the Mankovskaya Novosti newspapers. Monuments to T. G. Shevchenko, a bronze bust of a native of the region, an outstanding pilot, twice Hero of Socialist Labor B. P. Bugaev were erected in the center of Mankiwka. There is a Glory monument installed on the mass grave of those who fell during the Great Patriotic War and an obelisk of Glory to those who fell during the Civil War, a monument to the victims of the Chernobyl disaster. Memorial signs to numerous victims of the terrible famine of 1932-1933 were installed in cemeteries. At the entrance to the village from the side of the village of Ivanki, a memorial sign was built in memory of the victims of fascist execution of a group of people of Jewish nationality. At the entrance to the district center from the side of the railway station there is a monument - one of the first tractors to which the land was cultivated here.

On the territory of Mankiwka, the remains of 6 settlements of Trypillian, 6 - of the Bronze Age and 4 - of Chernyakhov archaeological culture were discovered.

In Mankovka in 1870, the famous Ukrainian composer Alexander Tikhonovich Dzbanovsky was born. Ataman Dement Petrovich Kazakov, known far beyond the borders of the country, was born and buried here.

• Mankovka // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.