Godred II Olafsson ( dr.-scand. Guðrøðr Ólafsson, Guðröðr корláfsson , Gaelic. Gofhraidh mac Amhlaíbh, Gofraidh mac Amhlaoibh, Gofraid mac Amlaíb , Eng. Godred Olafsson ) 1187) and Dublin (1150s - 1160s). Son of Olaf I Goddarson, King of the Isles (d. 1153 ), and Affraik, daughter of Fergus, Lord of Galloway. Throughout his reign, Godred fought against candidates for the royal throne, losing half of his possessions. All subsequent kings from the Dynasty of the Croons are descended from Godred.
Godred II Olafsson | |||||||
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dr. scand. Guðrøðr Ólafsson, Guðröðr Óláfsson ( Gaelic. Gofhraidh mac Amhlaíbh, Gofraidh mac Amhlaoibh, Gofraid mac Amlaíb ) ( eng. Godred Olafsson ) | |||||||
The name and title of Godred, the chronicle "The Conquest of Ireland", the British Historical Library. | |||||||
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Predecessor | Olaf I | ||||||
Successor | Somerland | ||||||
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Predecessor | Somerland | ||||||
Successor | Ryogwald IV | ||||||
Death | November 10, 1187 St. Patrick Island | ||||||
Burial place | Iona | ||||||
Rod | Cocked | ||||||
Father | Olaf I | ||||||
Mother | Affraik, daughter of Fergus, Lord Galloway | ||||||
Spouse | Findguala Ingen Niall | ||||||
Children | Daughter: Affrika sons: Ryognvald , Ivarr and Olaf Black | ||||||
Religion | Catholicism | ||||||
In the last year of his father's reign, Godred was at the court of the Norwegian king Inga Haraldsson, seeking closer ties with the Norwegian kingdom. His father, Olaf , was killed in 1153 by three nephews, the sons of his brother Harald. Godred returned to his homeland, defeated the army of his cousins and seized the royal throne. In 1154, Godred provided military assistance to King Aileh Muirhertah Mac Lochlainna in his fight for the title of High King of Ireland. Soon Godred began to fight with his son-in-law Somerland , Lord Argyll , whose eldest son Dougal, as the grandson of the King of the Islands Olaf I Goddarson, had claims to the throne of the Kingdom of the Islands. At the end of 1156, Somerland defeated his brother- in -law Godred in a naval battle. Opponents divided the Kingdom of the Islands among themselves. Somerland took possession of the Inner Hebrides , and Godred retained the Isle of Man and the Outer Hebrides . In 1158, Somerland, with the support of the Manx barons, landed on the Isle of Man and seized the royal throne, expelling Godred.
In exile, Godred Olafsson lived in England and Scotland, and then went to Norway. In 1161, Godred distinguished himself in the Norwegian civil war and received from the king Inga the fiefdom of the Isle of Man and the Hebrides. In 1164, Somerland died during an unsuccessful military expedition to Scotland. Godred returned from Norway to his homeland and regained the royal throne on the Isle of Man. But the Inner Hebrides were left to the sons of Somerland (clan Somerli). In the 1150s, Godred briefly occupied the royal throne in Dublin. Godred married Findguelengen Neil, granddaughter of the King of Ireland, Muirhertah Mac Lochlinen. In 1170, the Anglo-Norman barons captured Dublin. In 1171, the supreme king of Ireland and the king of Connaught, Ruaidri Oa Conhoibair, attempted to defeat Dublin from the British, with the military support of the Godred island king. In subsequent years, Godred moved to the English Baron John de Courcy, who played a major role in the British conquest of Ireland. John de Courcy married Affrike, the daughter of Godred, who assisted him in conquering the Kingdom of Ulad. In 1187, after the death of Godred, the royal throne was inherited by his eldest son Ryognvald (d. 1229 ), although Godred himself wished to see his younger son Olaf Cherny (d. 1237 ) his successor.
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Historical Background
Godred was the son of Olaf Godredarson, King of the Isles from the Scandinavian dynasty of the Bloods (1112/1113 - 1153), and Affrayk Ingen Fergus. After the death in 1095 of the King of the Islands Godred Krovan, a period of uncertainty began in the history of the Kingdom of the Islands. On the royal throne came his eldest son Legmen, who was opposed by his younger brothers Harald and Olaf. In 1098, the king of Norway, Magnus the Fullfoot, seized the Isle of Man and captured King Legmen. Later Olaf lived at the court of the English King Henry I.
The Chronicles of Maine report that Godred's mother, Affraik, was the daughter of Fergus, Lord Galloway (d. 1160 ). Ragnhilda, illegitimate daughter Olaf and sister Godred, about 1140, was married by his father to Somerland .
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In 1152, on the instructions of his father, Olaf went to the court of the Norwegian king Inga Haraldsson (d. 1161), took a lone oath of allegiance to him, and in return, the latter recognized him royal authority on the islands. According to the Chronicles of Maine, on June 29, 1153, King of Maine Olaf was killed by his three nephews, the sons of his late brother Harald. The brothers demanded that their Uncle Olaf split the Kingdom of the Islands into two parts. Haraldsson killed Olaf and divided his possessions among themselves. Soon they embarked on an expedition to Galloway against Lord Fergus, Olaf's grandfather, but were repulsed with heavy losses. A few months later, Olaf returned from Norway and received military assistance in the Orkney Islands. The islanders unanimously recognized Olaf as their king. Olaf then landed on the Isle of Man and won a victory over his cousins, one of whom was killed and the other two blinded.
In 1153, after the death of Scottish King David I (1124-1153), the large Scottish tycoon Somerland, Lord Argyll, raised a revolt against the power of his grandson, the new Scottish king Malcolm IV (1153-11165).
In the middle of the 12th century, King Aileh Moirkhertach Mac Lohlinen (d. 1166 ) began the struggle for sovereignty over Ireland with Toyrdelbach Wa Konhobyr , king of Connacht (d. 1156 ). In the sea battle near the peninsula Inishowen Muirhertah was defeated by Teyrdelbah. The annals of the four masters report that mercenaries from Galloway, Arran, Kintyre , Maine and Scotland were under the command of Muirhertah. After the defeat, Muirkhertakh moved to Dublin and subjugated this kingdom. In 1155/1156, the island barons, dissatisfied with the rule of Godred, appealed to Somerland to give them their Dougal to kings. Later on the night of January 5-6, 1156, a naval battle took place between the fleets of Somerland and Godred. Under the command of Somerland were 80 ships. After an inconclusive battle, the opponents decided to divide the Kingdom of the Islands among themselves. Somerland received the Inner Hebrides , and Godred retained the Isle of Man and the Outer Hebrides . In 1158, Somerland, with a fleet of 53 ships, landed on the Isle of Man. Godred lost the support of the local population and was forced to flee.
At first, Godred fled to England, but King Henry II Plantagenet, occupied in Normandy, was unable to provide him with military support. From England, Godred went to Scotland, but King Malcolm IV was also unable to assist in the return of his power on the islands. Having failed in England and Scotland, Godred traveled to Norway. In late 1160 or early 1161, Godred distinguished himself in the Norwegian Civil War. The Icelandic annals claim that Godd was approved by the King of the Isles in 1160 , gaining recognition from the Norwegian king Inga Haraldsson. In the arch of the Scandinavian sagas " Circle of the Earth ", it is said that Godred played an important role in the defeat of King Inga in the Battle of Oslo in 1161. Until 1155, the Norwegian king Inga shared power with his brothers Sigurd (d. 1155 ) and Einstein (d. 1157 ). Since 1157, Inga was forced to fight against Hakon Sigurdarson (died 1162 ). The sagas report that, during the final battle, Inga vs. Hakon, Godred, led by 15 soldiers, went over to the side of Hakon, which contributed to his victory and Inga’s death.
In 1164, Somerland was killed during an unsuccessful expedition to Scotland. The Annals of Ulster reported that Argail, Kintyre, Dublin, and the Islands were under the rule of Somerland. The Chronicles of Maine report that in 1164 after the death of Somerland, they seized power on the island until the end of the year Rognewald Olafsson, brother of Godred. At the end of the same year, Godred returned from Norway to the Isle of Man, suppressed the rebellion of his brother Ryognwald and regained the royal throne.
The King of the Islands, Godred Olafsson, also held the royal throne in Dublin, but the exact years of his reign are unknown. The Chronicles of Maine report that Dublin invited Godred to the throne in the third year of his rule on the islands.
In the winter of 1176/1177 , King Maine Goddred married Findgüle нnen Niall, daughter of Niall poppy Moirhteriga poppy Lokhlaynna (d. 1176 ), King Aileh (1167–1176), and granddaughter of the supreme king of Ireland, Moyrhertha Mack Lohlinnna (d. 1166 ).
Later, Godred again intervened in Irish affairs. In 1166, after the death of the supreme king of Ireland, Muirhertah, Ruaidri Ua Conhobair , king of Connacht (1156–1186), and Diarmite Mac Mohrhada (1110–1171), king of Leinster (1126–1171) began to lay claim to supreme power. The latter also held the royal throne in Dublin. In the same year, King Connaught Ruaidri Ou Konhobayr defeated his rival and captured Dublin . In a large council in the city of Aton Ruaidri, Ua Konhobayr was elected the new supreme king of Ireland. Ruideri expelled Diarmite from Leinster , he fled to Wales , and from there to England. English King Henry II Plantagenet promised to assist him in the fight against enemies and allowed him to hire among the Anglo-Norman barons and mercenaries to regain his power in Ireland. In 1170, Richard de Claire, Earl of Pembroke, laid siege to and seized the Irish port city of Waterford . Diarmite poppy Moorhada, who regained power over Leinster, married his daughter Eva (Yifa) to marry Richard de Claire, who became the heirs to the thrones of Leinster and Dublin. In the same year, the combined forces of Diarmite and Richard de Klera captured the city of Dublin , expelling the last King of Dublin, Askall, to Mac Ragnall (d. 1171). According to Girald of Cumbria, Askall and many Dublinans fled their city to the “northern islands”. In early May 1171, after the death of Diarmite, the poppy of Murkhada, Askall, attacked Dublin with hired detachments of islanders and Norwegians. The attack was unsuccessful, Askall himself was captured and executed. After the death of Diarmite and Askall, the supreme king of Ireland, Ruaidry Oa Conhobayr, and the Archbishop of Dublin sent ambassadors to the King of the Godred Islands, urging him to block Dublin from the sea. Godred with a fleet of 30 ships blocked Dublin from the sea, but the British were able to keep this city in their hands.
Soon the King of the Islands, Godred, changed his policy towards the British in Ireland and married his daughter Affricque to the Anglo-Norman feudal lord John de Courcy, who played an important role in the English conquest of Ireland.
Death and Descendants
According to the Chronicles of Maine, Godred had four children (Affrica, Röngnwald, Ivarr, and Olaf Black). The Chronicles report that the mother of Olaf was the Irish Princess Findaguale. The mothers of the remaining children of Godred are not known for certain. It is possible that Ryogwald’s mother was Irish Sadb, who was Godred’s concubine.
King of Maine and the Islands Godred passed away on November 10, 1187 on St. Patrick's Island . His body was buried in 1888 on the island of Iona . According to the Chronicles of Maine, Godred considered his successor to the youngest son, Olaf, who was "legally married." Despite this, in 1187, after the death of Godred, the island barons elected his eldest son Ryognwald (1187–1226) as the new king, and not Olaf, who was still a child then.
Sources
- McDonald, RA (1997). The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100-c. 1336. Scottish Historical Monographs (series vol. 4). East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-898410-85-0 .
- McDonald, RA (2007a). “Dealing Death from Man: Manx Sea Power in and around the Irish Sea, 1079–1265.” In Duffy, S. The Worlds of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 45-76. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0 - via Google Books.
- McDonald, RA (2007b). Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-047-2 .
- McDonald, RA (2008). "Man, Ireland, and England: The English Conquest of Ireland and Dublin-Manx Relations." In Duffy, S. Medieval Dublin. Vol. 8, Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 131–149. ISBN 978-1-84682-042-7 - via Google Books.
- McDonald, RA (2012a). "The Manxes of the North Sea Kings and the North Atlantic Context, 1079-1655." In Hudson, B. Studies in the Medieval Atlantic. The New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137062390 - via Google Books.