Austrian Oak [3] ( lat. Quercus cerris ) is a large broad-leaved tree, a species of the genus Oak of the Beech family ( Fagaceae ). Included in a special section of Cerris, which includes species of oak, the maturation of acorns which occurs in the second year [4]
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Other name in Russian: Cochineal Oak [5] , Turkish Oak [6] .
Distribution
The tree is naturally distributed in southern and central Europe, its range extends from southern France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary through the countries of the Balkan Peninsula to the north-east of Asia Minor , entering Syria and Lebanon [7] . The dominant oak species in the Mediterranean basin [4] . Common in culture in Western Europe. [6] [3]
On the territory of Russia, the species was first introduced in 1821 in the Nikitsky Garden [3] . Grows in Sochi, in the North Caucasus - Krasnodar, near Pyatigorsk. There is in Batumi. It occurs both in the south of Ukraine and in Transcarpathia, near the Romanian border [5] .
Botanical Description
A large tree up to 40 meters high and a trunk diameter of 1.5–2 meters [8] , with a well-developed root system [9] with a spreading hipped crown. Lives 120-150 years [10] . The trunk is covered with a cracking crust of black-brown color [11] [12] . Shoots are densely covered with stellate hairs, forming a pubescence of yellow-green color.
Leaves are elongated-oval or obovate, sitting on petioles with a length of 5 to 20 mm. Leaf blades are dense, leathery, dark green in color, brownish in autumn, up to 12 cm long, up to 6 cm wide, rounded at the base or slightly heart-shaped, with deep dentate or even lobed margins; the blades on each side can be from 4 to 8, each blade ends with a short (1 mm) tip.
Flowering takes place from May to July, fruiting occurs in October next year [5] .
The fruit is an acorn 2.5-3 cm long [3] .
Application
In a culture it is used for landscaping and park construction, characterized by moderately rapid growth [4] , and is resistant to diseases and pests. Able to tolerate frosts to minus 29 ° C.
Wood is inferior to other species, in particular rocky oak ( Quercus petraea ) and pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur ) and is used for rough processing , in particular the construction of formwork and as fuel [8] .
Notes
- ↑ For the conventionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Dicotyledonous article .
- ↑ Quercus cerris L. (English) : information on the name of a taxon on The Plant List (version 1.1, 2013) (Retrieved May 29, 2018) .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Trees and shrubs of the USSR, 1951 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 de Rigo, D., Enescu, CM, Houston Durrant, T., Caudullo, G. Quercus cerris in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats // European Atlas of Forest Tree Species / San-Miguel-Ayanz , J., de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Houston Durrant, T., Mauri, A. (Eds.). - Luxembourg: Publ. Off. EU, 2016 .-- P. 146-149.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Chervona Book of Ukraine, 2009 .
- ↑ 1 2 Novikov, Alexander Leontyevich. Quércus cérris L. Turkish Oak // Key to trees and shrubs in leafless state . - 2nd ed., Rev. and additional .. - Minsk: Higher school, 1965. - S. 133. - 408 p.
- ↑ Quercus cerris L. (English) : information on the GRIN website.
- ↑ 1 2 Savill PS Silviculture of Trees Used in British Forestry / Edited by PS Savill. - 2nd Edition. - Oxfordshire, UK: CABI, 2013 .-- 288 p. - ISBN 9781780640266 .
- ↑ Di Iorio A., Lasserre B., Scippa GS, Chiatante D. Pattern of secondary thickening in a Quercus cerris root system (Eng.) // Tree Physiology. - 2007 .-- March ( vol. 27 , iss. 3 ). - P. 407 . - PMID 17241982 .
- ↑ The CABI encyclopedia of forest trees / Praciak, A., Pasiecznik, N., Sheil, D., van Heist, M., Sassen, M., Correia, CS, Dixon, C., Fyson, G., Rushford, K. & Teeling, C. (eds.). - Oxfordshire, UK: CABI, 2013 .-- ISBN 9781780642369 .
- ↑ Gilman Edward F. and Watson Dennis G. ENH-702 / ST544: Quercus cerris: Turkey Oak . EDIS . University of Florida (1994). Date of treatment May 29, 2018.
- ↑ Johnson Owen, More David. Collins Tree Guide. - Collins, 2006 .-- 464 p. - ISBN 978-0007207718 .
Literature
- Trees and shrubs of the USSR. Wild, cultivated and promising for introduction. / Ed. volumes S. Ya. Sokolov . - M. - L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1951. - T. II. Angiosperms. - 612 p. - 2500 copies. - S. 458-460.
- Cochineal Oak (Austrian) Quercus cerris L. ( Q. austriaca Willd.) // Chervona Book of Ukraine . Roslinny svit / І. A. Akimov. - Kiev: Globalconsulting, 2009. - 912 p. - ISBN 978-966-97059-0-7 . - S. 458.