Karaidel dialect

The Karaidel dialect is distributed in the territory of Askinsky , Baltachevsky , Karaidelsky and Mishkinsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan . Carriers of Karaidel dialect are the Bashkirs of the Balyks and Unlar clans .

In the 1920s and 1930s, a systematic study of the Bashkir spoken language began. In 1934, an expedition led by G. Ya. Davletshin and composed of T. G. Baishev , Z. Sh. Shakirov and U. Khusni examined about 30 Bashkir villages, including Abdullino , Bilgish , Kartkisyak , Karysh-Yelga , Kashkino , Kubiyazy , Mullakaevo , Novye Bagazy , Sultanbekovo , Tuyushevo , Upkankul , Urmiyazy and others. Researchers concluded that the dialects examined "are undoubtedly dialects of the Bashkir language" ^[1] . In the 1930s - 1950s, three territorial dialects were distinguished in the Bashkir language - the eastern (northeastern, Kuvakan , northwestern (western) and southern (meadow, Yurmatian) , as well as seven dialects (dialects), which were classified by phonetic sign ( [һ] - [ҫ] , [ҫ] , [һ] , [ҙ] , [s] , [n] - [t] ) ^[2] . The allocation of three dialects was supported by one of the founders of Bashkir linguistics - N K. Dmitriev ^[3] .

In 1954, another expedition led by T. G. Baishev to the northwestern regions of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic took place . In the final report, the researchers concluded that the Western dialect retained the specifics of the Bashkir language, and "its vocabulary and morphology indicate that it is dominated and subordinated to a single and common Bashkir language . " Scientists recommended translating schooling in the studied regions into the Bashkir language ^[4] , which was ignored by the authorities. Subsequently, the expedition materials were used in the monograph by T. G. Baishev “Bashkir dialects in their relation to the literary language”, where the author divides the Bashkir language by phonetic signs into 7 dialects, and the language of Bashkirs living in the middle reaches of the Karaidel River (Ufa) and by river Tyu , refers to the dialects [s] and [n] - [t] ^{[5] [6]} . J. G. Kiekbaev speaks Bashkirs of the Unlarians and Balykchins on the basis of a complex of several linguistic attributes and assigns them to the southern dialect of the Bashkir language and singles out a transitional dialect as a Balykchi sublimation ^[7] . N. Kh. Ishbulatov also noted the great proximity of the Balykchinsky sentence to the literary Bashkir language and dialects of the northeastern region of the Bashkir ASSR ^{[8] [9]} .

N. Kh. Maksyutova singled out the Karaidel dialect as a separate dialect in the southern dialect of the Bashkir language. In 1987, the 3rd volume of the Bashkir dialect dictionary was published, dedicated to the Western dialect of the Bashkir language. The Karaidel dialect was considered in the most detail in the monograph by S. F. Mirzhanova “North-Western dialect of the Bashkir language” ^[10] .

Phonetics

A characteristic feature of the Karaidel dialect is ^[10] :

• preservation of dissimilative combinations -lt-, -mt-, -nt-, -t-, -rt-, -nk-, -nk-, -ңҡ-, -mk-, -mk- in decomposable bases, which is also found in Middle and Demian dialects of the southern dialect: dialect. y [ңт] а - lit. y [ңд] а (on the right), dia. tө [nk] ә - lit. tөngә (by night), dia. ko [mk] a - lit. ko [mғ] a (sand), etc.
• the use of sound [n] at the beginning of words instead of [b] literary language: dia. [n] ish - lit. [b] ish (five), dial. [n] Yes - lit. [b] Yes (cat), etc.
• correspondence of the sound [s] to three sounds of the literary language ( [һ] , [ҫ] , [s] ), in some cases the sound [sh], and the common Turkic [h] : dia. [c] uғysh - lit. [һ] uғysh (war), dia. [s] әs - lit. [s] әs (hair), dial. and [s] s - lit. ә [s] e (bitter), dia. [c] ishmә - lit. [sh] ishmә (spring), etc.
• loss of sound [һ] in borrowings, as in the Demian dialect of the southern dialect and in all dialects of the northwestern dialect of the Bashkir language: dia. aua - lit. [һ] aua (air), dia. әmmәse - lit. [һ] әммәһе (all), etc.
• the use of phonemes [ҙ] instead of the initial [e] literary language: dia. [ҙ] annals - lit. [d] anlyҡly (glorious), dia. [ҙ] aryu - lit. [d] aryu (medicine) and others. Sound [ҙ] is also found in affixes, unions and particles used after vowels, where it corresponds to sounds [l] and [n] of the literary language: dia. ҡala [ҙ] an - lit. ҡala [n] en (from the city), dia. arba [ҙ] a - lit. arba [l] a (on a cart), dia. leopard [ҙ] a - lit. barһa [l] a (even if he goes), etc.
• the use of the phoneme [ҙ] instead of [h] the literary language, as in the Kizil dialect of the southern dialect: dia. ab [ҙ] th - lit. ab [s] th (older brother), dia. [ҙ] aman - lit. [h] Aman (time, era), etc.
• the transition of diphthong [ө] to monophthong [ү] , as in dialects of the eastern dialect, as well as to the vowel [and] ^[11] : dia. with [ү] lәү - lit. һ [өй] ләү (speak), dia. [ү] рәнеү - lit. [өй] рәнеү (study), dia. t [i] mә - lit. t [өй] мә (button), etc.
• labialization of vowels [s] and [e ^e ]: dia. sh [o ^o ] ma - lit. sh [s] ma (smooth), dial. with [ө] prәk - lit. with [e ^e ] prәk (rag), etc.
• delabilization of labial vowels [o] , [y] , [ө] , [ү] with their transition to [s] , [e] , [ә] : dia. b [s] lmau - lit. b [y] lmau (not to be), dial. Bashҡ [s] RT - lit. bash [o] rt (Bashkir), dia. b [e] t [e] ү - lit. b [ө] t [ө] ү (to end), etc. Sometimes there is a reverse transition with exacerbation of [s] , [f] , [and] into the vowel [o] : dia. [o] Kai - lit. [s] ңғай (convenient), dial. m [ө] l [ө] - lit. m [e] l [e] (fry), etc.

Grammar

Nouns ending in vowels accept endings in [ҙ] in the original and local-temporal cases: dia. arba [ҙ] a - lit. arba [l] a (in the cart), dia. arba [ҙ] an - lit. arba [n] en (from the cart).

In dialect there are a number of differences from the literary language in the use of case forms.

Interrogative pronouns are also very diverse. For example, the form of him (that) of the literary language corresponds to the forms of her, him, her, her, her, her, and others, which are found in dialects of the eastern dialect of the Bashkir language ^[12] .

The grammatical structure of the Karaidel dialect preserves a number of archaic features that are absent in the literary language, at the same time bringing it closer to other dialects of the southern and eastern dialects of the Bashkir language, primarily with the Demian and the middle ones .

Vocabulary

According to S.F. Mirzhanova , the basis of the vocabulary of Caradel dialect is general Bashkir vocabulary, which exists in all thematic classes. In dialect, a layer of vocabulary is found that is common for him, the Demian, middle and partially Ik-Sakmar dialects of the southern Bashkir dialect ^[13] . Also in the vocabulary of the dialect there is a group of lexemes common to him and the dialects of the eastern dialect, primarily Ai ^[14] . In addition, in Karaidel dialect there is a regional vocabulary that is characteristic of the northwestern dialect of the Bashkir language ^[15] .

• Baishev T. G. Bashkir dialects in their relation to the literary language / ed. N.K. Dmitrieva . - M. , 1955. - 112 p.
• Gilmanova S. G. Terms of kinship in the northwestern range of the Bashkir language // Studies and materials on Bashkir dialectology. - Ufa: IJAL BFAN USSR, 1981. - P. 50.
• The northwestern dialect. // Bashkir Encyclopedia. In 7 vol. T. 2: B — F. - Ufa, 2006 .-- S. 474-475.
• Dialectological atlas of the Bashkir language. - Ufa: Gilem, 2005 .-- 234 p.
• The dialectological dictionary of the Bashkir language. - Ufa: Kitap, 2002 .-- 432 p. - ISBN 5-295-03104-7 . (head).
• Dilmukhametov M.I. Govor of the Central Urals Bashkirs. - Ufa: Gilem, 2006 .-- 191 p.
• Zainasheva Z. F. Language features of the Tanyp dialect of the Bashkir language. Abstract. dis ... cand. filol. sciences. - Ufa, 2008.
• History of the Bashkir literary language. / E. F. Ishberdin , I. G. Galyautdinov , R. Kh. Halikova . - Ufa: Bashk. publishing house "Kitap", 1993. - 320 p. - ISBN 5-295-02098-3 . (head).
• Ishbulatov N. Kh. Bashҡort tele һәm ouncesң dialects. - Өfө: Kitap, 2000 .-- 212 p. - ISBN 5-295-02659-0 . (head).
• Maksyutova N. Kh. Bashkir dialects located in a foreign language environment. - Ufa: Kitap, 1996.
• Mirzhanova S.F. North-West dialect of the Bashkir language. - Ufa: Kitap, 2006 .-- 296 p. - ISBN 5-295-03923-4 .
• Northwest dialect of the Bashkir language. Scientific report of the 1954 dialectological expedition. - Ufa: Gilem, 2008 .-- 372 p. (bash.) (Russian)
• Dictionary of Bashkir dialects. Western dialect. T. 3. - Ufa: Bashkir. Prince Publishing House, 1987. (Bashk.)
• Khөsәyenova L. M. Bashort dialectology. - Stәrletamaҡ, 2011 .-- 155 b. (head).
• Shәkүrov R.Z. Bashҡort dialectology. - Өfө: Kitap, 2012 .-- 250 p. (head).

• Dilmukhametov M.I., Ishbulatov N. Kh. North-West Dialect // Bashkir Encyclopedia / Chap. M.A. Ilgamov. - Ufa: GAUN “ Bashkir Encyclopedia ”, 2015—2019. - ISBN 978-5-88185-306-8 .
• Shakurov R.Z. Dialect system of the Bashkir language // Vatandash : journal. - 2012. - No. 8 . - S. 40–61 . - ISSN 1683-3554 .