Clever Geek Handbook
📜 ⬆️ ⬇️

Czech economy

The Czech economy is a developed country , a member of the European Union and OECD . Among the post-communist countries, the Czech Republic is one of the most developed. In terms of GDP per capita (nominal) - $ 23,209 (3rd place after Slovenia and Estonia in 2019). [1] By per capita GDP (PPP) - $ 39088 (1st place, 2019). [1] As of 2019, among the post-communist countries, the Czech Republic has the third average wage (net, after Estonia - € 1154.81 [9] and Slovenia € 1128 [10] ) and the minimum (net, after Slovenia - $ 726.30 [11] and Estonia - $ 587.93 [12] [13] [14] ). The average wage: 33,840 Kč [15] [16] [17] ( € 1321.51, gross, 2018 / Q4) and 25,377 Kč [18] [19] ( € 991.01, net, 2018 / Q4). [20] [21] Minimum wage: $ 584.41 (gross, from January 1, 2019) and $ 492.93 (net, from January 2019). [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [29] [32] [33] [34]

Czech economy
Praha, Na Příkopě, Česká národní banka.jpg
National Bank Building in Prague
Currencyczech koruna
Fiscal yearcalendar
International
the organization		European Union , OECD , WTO
Statistics
GDP

▲ $ 414.571 billion PPS ( 45th place , 2019) [1]

▲ $ 246.161 billion Rated ( 44th place , 2019) [1]
Place by GDPFaculty: 45th
Rated: 44th
GDP growth2.4% (2016), 4.3% (2017), 2.9% (2018), 2.8% (2019)
GDP per capita

▲ $ 39088 (PPP) ( 34th place, 2019) [1]

▲ $ 23209 (Denomination) ( 37th place, 2019) [1]
Inflation ( CPI )2.2%
Population below the poverty line9%
Human Development Index (HDI)36th place (2009)
Economically active population5.3 million
Pre-tax average salary33840 Kč [2] [3] [4] / € 1321.51 per month (2018 / Q4)
Post-tax average salary25377 Kč [5] [6] / € 991.01 per month (2018 / Q4)
Unemployment rate2.2% (May 2019) [7]
Major industriesautomotive , machine tool , metallurgy , mechanical engineering
International trade
Export145 billion (2008)
Export Articlescars , transport equipment, fuels and lubricants , chemicals
Export partnersGermany (30.7%), Slovakia (8.7%), Poland (5.9%), France (5.4%), Great Britain (5.1%), Italy (4.9%), Austria ( 4.6%) (2007)
Import141 billion (2008)
Import Articlescars, transport equipment, fuels and lubricants , chemicals
Import partnersGermany (31.8%), Netherlands (6.7%), Slovakia (6.4%), Poland (6.3%), Austria (5.1%), China (5.1%), Russia ( 4.5%), Italy (4.4%), France (4.1%) (2007)
Public finance
State debt32.7% of GDP (2018) [8]
External debt3904 billion (2006)
Government revenue94.96 billion (2008)
Government spending99.46 billion (2008)

Main industries: mechanical engineering , iron and steel production, metalworking , chemical products , electronics , transportation equipment, textiles , glass, beer , porcelain, ceramics, and medical products . Basic agricultural products: sugar beets , potatoes , wheat and hops .

General characteristics

Among all post-communist states, the Czech Republic has one of the most stable and successful economic systems. Its basis is industry ( mechanical engineering , electrical and electronics , chemistry , food processing and ferrous metallurgy ), construction and the service sector. The share of agriculture and forestry, as well as mining, is insignificant and continues to decrease.

After the fall of socialism in 1989, the Czech Republic inherited from the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic the former structure of the economy, which under the new conditions turned out to be energetically inefficient, environmentally friendly, outdated and inadequate from a sectoral point of view. A disproportionately large share was occupied by ferrous metallurgy on imported raw materials, heavy engineering and the military industry. The range of manufactured goods significantly exceeded the objective capabilities of the country, which led to small-scale production and a decrease in its efficiency. Foreign trade was subject to CMEA directives, focused on the needs of the USSR and was insignificant in comparison with other developed countries.

Even before the collapse of Czechoslovakia (CSFR in recent years) in 1990 - 1992 . some fundamental changes were made - the abolition of the centralized regulation of most wholesale and retail prices, the introduction of freedom of private enterprise , the liquidation of the state monopoly of foreign trade, etc., the 90s. of the last century marked by significant changes in property relations - the so-called small and large privatization , as well as the restitution of property nationalized after the establishment of the communist regime in 1948. As a result, the state’s share in GDP fell from 97% to less than 20%. The opening of the country to the influx of foreign capital caused a surge in foreign investment , at the level of which the country is the undisputed leader not only in Central and Eastern Europe , but also internationally. This helped in a relatively short time to carry out the restructuring and modernization of industry and the development of the necessary technical and supporting infrastructure. The consequence of the changes was the reorientation of the economy from the USSR to Western Europe .

In 1995 , the Czech Republic was the first among all the former socialist countries to be admitted to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development .

Following the initial difficulties caused by the collapse of the CMEA, the partition of the country and the change in the structure of the economy, and the subsequent growth of the Czech economy in 1997-1998 . experienced a certain crisis, from which it began to emerge only from the middle of 1999. Its result was an increase in foreign debt and a jump in unemployment . The crisis was overcome by increasing exports to market economies, primarily the European Union (and within its framework - Germany ), attracting foreign investment and increasing domestic consumption. After joining the EU in May 2004 , the Czech Republic's economic growth accelerated markedly and, despite the largely populist economic policies of several social democrat governments, reached 6-7% per year. The share of industry in GDP, which reached 62% by 1990, which had initially decreased by half, is currently growing and reaching 38%, which is a rather rare occurrence among developed countries. Ferrous metallurgy and the military industry have lost their importance due to the automotive and electrical industries, thanks to the development of which the Czech Republic has had a positive foreign trade balance since 2004, despite the rapid increase in prices for imported energy carriers (oil and gas). In terms of foreign trade per capita, the country is one of the leaders, ahead of countries such as Japan , Britain , France or Italy .

Statistics

The following table shows the main economic indicators for 1995-2018. Inflation less than 2% is indicated by a green arrow. [35]

YearGDP (PPP)
(in billions of US dollars)		GDP per capita (PPP)
(in US $)		GDP growth
(real)		Inflation rate
(in percents)		Unemployment
(in percents)		State debt
(as a percentage of GDP)
1995143.313,874n / an / a4.0%13.7
1996▲ 152.6▲ 14,783▲ 4.5%▲ 8.8%▼ 3.9%▼ 11.6%
1997▲ 154.3▲ 14,965▼ −0.6%▲ 8.6%▲ 4.8%▲ 12.3%
1998▲ 155.4▲ 15,092▼ −0.3%▲ 10.7%▲ 6.5%▲ 14.0%
1999▲ 160.1▲ 15,557▲ 1.4%▲ 2.2%▲ 8.7%▲ 15.3%
2000▲ 170.7▲ 16,608▲ 4.3%▲ 3.8%▲ 8.8%▲ 17.0%
2001▲ 179.7▲ 17,000▲ 2.9%▲ 4.7%▼ 8.1%▲ 22.8%
2002▲ 185.4▲ 18,179▲ 1.7%▲ 1.9%▼ 7.3%▲ 25.9%
2003▲ 196.0▲ 19,225▲ 3.6%▲ 0.1%▲ 7.8%▲ 28.3%
2004▲ 211.2▲ 20,717▲ 4.9%▲ 2.7%▲ 8.3%▲ 28.5%
2005▲ 232.3▲ 22,774▲ 6.5%▲ 1.9%▼ 7.9%▼ 27.9%
2006▲ 255.8▲ 25,022▲ 6.8%▲ 2.5%▼ 7.1%▼ 27.7%
2007▲ 277.3▲ 27,046▲ 5.6%▲ 2.9%▼ 5.3%▼ 27.5%
2008▲ 290.4▲ 28,072▲ 2.7%▲ 6.3%▼ 4.4%▲ 28.3%
2009▼ 278.5▼ 26,714▼ −4.8%▲ 1.0%▲ 6.7%▲ 33.6%
2010▲ 288.3▲ 27,559▲ 2.3%▲ 1.5%▲ 7.3%▲ 37.4%
2011▲ 299.5▲ 28,561▲ 1.8%▲ 1.9%▼ 6.7%▲ 39.8%
2012▲ 302.6▲ 28,803▼ −0.8%▲ 3.3%▲ 7.0%▲ 44.5%
2013▲ 306.0▲ 29,096▼ −0.5%▲ 1.5%▼ 6.9%▲ 44.9%
2014▲ 319.9▲ 30,434▲ 2.7%▲ 0.3%▼ 6.1%▼ 42.2%
2015▲ 340.6▲ 32,318▲ 5.3%▲ 0.3%▼ 5.0%▼ 40.0%
2016▲ 353.9▲ 33,529▲ 2.6%▲ 0.7%▼ 3.9%▼ 36.8%
2017▲ 375.7▲ 35,512▲ 4.3%▲ 2.4%▼ 2.9%▼ 34.7%

Industry

Mining industry

Volume of natural resources extraction: [36]

Resources2011, thousand tonsChange to 2001,%
Brown coal46,848-8.21
Coal10 967-25.94
Natural gas187+85.15
Oil163-8.43

Engineering

Automotive

The Czech Republic is one of the leaders in the production of cars per capita in Europe, behind Slovakia . [37] As part of Czechoslovakia, the country had a strong position in automotive technology since the beginning of the 20th century, and after a period of socialism with rapid growth in the 21st century, the Czech Republic entered the top twenty countries producing more than a million cars a year. In recent years, the country annually produces about or more than a million with a third cars and ranks 6th in Europe for auto production . [38]

The largest share is the production of cars. The dominant manufacturer is Škoda Auto , a national company in Boleslav , which produces two-thirds of cars of various categories, followed by the Japanese-French Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech and the South Korean Hyundai Motor , each with up to a quarter of cars. [39]

Production of cars in the Czech Republic [38] [40]
Manufacturer20072008200920102011 [41]201220132014201520162017
Škoda Auto622,811603 981519 910576 362673 127n / an / an / an / an / an / a
Tppa308 478324,489332,489295,712270,705n / an / an / an / an / an / a
Hyundai Motor012 050118,000200 135251,146n / an / an / an / an / an / a
Kaipaneight13eleven543n / an / an / an / an / an / a
Total (SAP), thousand [42]9319409791,0721 1951,1791,1331 2511 3041,3501,420

Light and food industry

In 2008, of the 19.81 million hectoliters of beer produced in the Czech Republic, 16.1 million hectoliters were sold domestically (-1.3% by 2007) and 3.71 million hectoliters were exported (+3.2% by 2007). The most beer produced last year was Plzeňský Prazdroj , followed by Pivovary Staropramen , followed by Descending: Heineken ČR, Budějovický Budvar and PMS Přerov. Beer production in the Czech Republic by years: [43]

Year200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011 [44]
Hectoliters, million17.9217.8818.1818.5518.7519.0719.819.919.81n / an / a15.7

Agriculture

Czech agriculture has a long tradition, despite the fact that the Czech Republic is a powerful industrial country. Due to climatic conditions, many types of vegetables, fruits and livestock are grown in the country.

Crop

Among the traditional agricultural products, one can distinguish grain, potatoes, sugar beets, grapes (table and wine varieties), fruits.

Profit of Czech agriculture [45] :

Year200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011
Crowns, billion3,53.3-3.5-1.18.67.67.2ten10.12.66.216.3

Cereals : Most of the grain grown in 2006 was wheat . Traditionally, cereals are grown in barley , rye and oats . Grain is used for baking, the most popular of which are bread, rolls and sweet cookies.
According to the Czech Statistical Report, the grain harvest for 2006 fell by 15.5% or, to 6.46 million tons; this decline was caused by adverse weather throughout the year. In 2011, grain production grew by 20% to 8.2 million tons and reached record high yields.

Potato : In 2006, more than 711 thousand tons of potatoes were harvested. Potatoes are the basis of many types of Czech dishes. They even managed to take a seat at the traditional Christmas table in the shape of a potato salad.

Sugar beets , which are mainly used for sugar production , are also widespread in the Czech Republic. In 2006, it was collected more than 2.9 million tons.

Viticulture : table grape growing areas include 5414 hectares. In 2006, 5200 tons were collected. Wine vineyards occupy 12,697 hectares; they are most common in South Moravia, where climatic conditions are the best for this type of product.

Fruit growing : a traditional fruit crop usually consists of various types of early, late and winter apples, pears, plums and cherries.

Hops : hops for brewing in the Czech Republic began to be actively grown in the XV-XVI centuries. (see атatec hops )

Livestock

Pig production : The average weight of a pig is approximately 105 kilograms. Pigs are bred not only in large groups but also for the personal consumption of farmers. The ritual of slaughtering a domestic pig is a Czech rural tradition. All pigs must undergo rigorous hygiene inspections before being killed in order to exclude the presence of any substances harmful to humans.

Cattle : Meat and dairy farming. The average slaughter weight is approximately 600 kilograms. Before slaughter, all livestock undergo strict hygienic control to exclude the presence of any substances and diseases harmful to humans, especially with regard to rabies . To date, 20 cases of the disease have been confirmed in the Czech Republic, but people have not been infected.

The most popular dairy products : pasteurized milk, butter , cheeses .

Poultry : Traditionally, Czech farmers grow chickens , geese , turkeys and ducks . Poultry farming is becoming more and more common due to the popularity of white meat. In addition to the aforementioned varieties, guinea chickens are also grown .

Construction

Kamenolomy CR is one of the largest mining groups in the Czech Republic.

Products: gravel , sand , soil , natural pigments, rubble , crushed stone, stone, sand and ground aggregates for the construction and construction industries, waste rock, quarry waste.

Kamenolomy CR is part of the Austrian construction syndicate Bauholding Strabag, which has 500 branches and offices throughout Europe with an annual volume of construction work of about 11 billion euros. Kamenolomy CR owns 30 quarries in the Czech Republic with an annual output of 500 thousand tons.

In October 2007, Kamenolomy CR completed the concentration of 94% of the shares in the producer of building rubble - JSC Zhezhelovsky Quarry ( Ukraine ). Previously, the company did not have a single asset outside the Czech Republic. [46]

Design Companies

The headquarters of various design companies such as Favea are located in the Czech Republic

Transport and Communications

Transport

The Czech Republic has developed air transport, rail and road transport. There is water transport on the Elbe River. There is also a network of pipelines.

The main international airport in the Czech Republic is Prague Airport named after Vaclav Havel ( Czech Letiště Václava Havla Praha ). In 2007, 12.4 million passengers passed through it, making the airport one of the busiest in Central Europe. There are 46 large airports in the country, of which 6 serve international destinations.

The main operator of rail transportation is Czech Railways ( Czech České dráhy, ČD ), carrying about 180 million passengers annually. It ranks fifth among rail freight operators.

The country operates 127,810 km of roads, including 550 km of motorways. The main D1 motorway connects the two largest cities in the country - Prague and Brno . It also forms part of the main European routes E 65 and E 50 .

According to the Ministry of Transport of the Czech Republic, 2007 was a record year for the freight industry in the entire history of the Czech Republic. Freight statistics according to the ministry, in million tons: [47]

Year20072008200920102011
TransportInt.Int.TotalInt.Int.TotalInt.Int.TotalInt.Int.TotalInt.Int.Total
Car40846453.538249431.932545370.130254355.928861349.3
Railway475399.8445195374076.7374682.9404787.1
Water0.61,62.20.41,51.90.31.31,60.31.31,60.51.41.9

Internet Network

The first attempts to connect to the Internet , then in Czechoslovakia, have been undertaken since the fall of 1991 . But the birthday of the Internet in the Czech Republic is considered the day of the first connection to the global network of the Czech Technical University ( Czech České vysoké učení technické ), February 13, 1992 [48] .

YearNumber of subscribers
19934,000
199522,000
199881,000
1999199,000
2000418,000
20011,250,000
20021,640,000
20032 140 000
20042 130 000
20053 600 000
20064 100 000

According to the European Commission in the Czech Republic for 2008, broadband Internet coverage is about 85%, while in fact about 75% [49] .

According to a survey conducted by TNS Infratest at the request of Google, about 90% of all Internet users shop in it. Most Czechs on the network buy clothes, cosmetics and appliances. 44% of users use auctions . [50] According to Eurostat in the Czech Republic, online purchases were made in 2008 by 23% of the total population. In the EU as a whole, this indicator was 32%. [51]

According to the specialized server DSL.cz for the year from 2010 to 2011, the speed in mobile networks in the Czech Republic in December increased by 183% and reached 1.9 Mb / s. The highest average for T-Mobile is 3.9 Mb / s, then Vodafone is 2.85 Mb / s and Telefónica is 1.9 Mb / s. The average speed of users connected using xDSL technologies increased by 45% to 6.8 Mb / s. Users in optical networks have the fastest average speed - 25.8 Mb / s, which is 22% higher. [52]

Service Industry

Financial Services

In 2008, the Czech Republic had 8.9 million bank cards (29% credit). The total number of transactions on them amounted to 324.5 million payments (7% accounted for by credit cards) in the amount of 775.5 billion kroons (6% on credit cards). [53]

Tourism

According to the newspaper RBC daily, in 2006, the Czech Republic was visited by about 136 thousand citizens of Russia [54] .

In 2007, the share of tourism in the country's GDP was 3.8%, which is less than the average of 5.5% for the EU. According to the Ministry of Internal Development of the Czech Republic ( Czech Ministerstvo pro místní rozvoj ČR ), 6,779,704 foreigners visited the Czech Republic in 2007 (excluding private visits), which is 3.8% more than in 2006: [55]

A countryNumber of touristsChange by 2006,%
  Germany1,549,44195.8
  Great Britain565 47099.9
  Italy413,085103.5
  USA322,214100.1
  Russia321 520134.2
  Slovakia309 255109.7
  Poland298 621109.1
  Spain256,722116.7
  Netherlands247 86187.1
  France236,79098.5
  Czech6 679 70499.5

The number of hotels and places of temporary stay in the Czech Republic as of January 22, 2008: [56]

CategoryQty
  5 stars38
  4 stars316
  3 stars1093
  2 stars361
  1 star226
  No stars ( Czech. Garni )138
Boarding houses2773
Camping sites520
Village houses ( Czech. Chatová osada )360
Travel hostels693
Rest20
Total8535

Energy

In the Czech Republic for 2008, there are 6 nuclear reactors, which in total generate 31% of all electricity produced in the country [57] .

The share of electricity generated from renewable sources in 2008 was about 4%. Less than a quarter was produced using wind farms. Electricity generation in wind farms in the Czech Republic: [58]

Year20012002200320042005200620072008
Gigawatt hour0.21,63.99.921.349.4125245

Electricity production from solar energy: [59]

Year20052006200720082009
Gigawatt hour0.10.21.812.988.8

According to the results of 2012, the share of electricity generated from renewable sources increased to 11.23% [60] .

The Czech Republic is one of the few European countries that are net exporters of electricity along with France and Germany. In 2008, 11.5 terawatt hours were exported, which is 29% less than in 2007 (16.2 terawatt hours). Electricity consumption in the Czech Republic by years [61] :

Year199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008
Therawatt hour52.1652,2050.8652.2953.7853.6754.7856.3957.6759.4259.7560.48

In 2016, 83.3 terawatt-hours were produced in the Czech Republic (0.7% less than in 2015), of which 9.4 TWh was produced from renewable energy sources (0.3% less than in 2015). The main renewable sources were: biogas (2.6 TWh), solar energy (2.13 TWh) and biomass (2.07 TWh). [62]

Foreign Trade

Czech foreign trade with Russia in millions of US dollars [63] :

20032004%2005%2006%2007%
Export to Russia570.2922.562%1432.855%1839.428%2868.656%
Import from Russia2282.12707.1nineteen %4456.365%5434.922%5534.82%
Turnover2852.33629.627%5889.162%7274.324%8,403.4sixteen %
Balance-1711.9-1784.6-four %-3023.5-69%-3595.5-nineteen %-2666,226%

The main goods imported from the Czech Republic to Russia are spare parts for cars and aircraft. In 2018, more than 3.3 thousand Russian importers took part in imports from the Czech Republic. [64]

Finance

The Czech Republic's monetary unit is the kroon (1 kroon = 100 Hellers), which has been fully convertible since 1995. Unlike practically all other post-communist countries of the Czech Republic, hyperinflation and sharp devaluations of the national currency were avoided. After some weakening of the crown in the late 90's. By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, its rate against major world currencies has grown markedly. Czech entrepreneurs are less satisfied with this fact, due to the drop in the competitiveness of their products in foreign markets. Many analysts see a way out in the early transition to a single European currency.

Dynamics of the appreciation of the Czech koruna to the exchange rates of the US dollar, euro and ruble by years:

YearDollar, %Euro,%Ruble,%
1999-19.3-2.68.4
2000-five2,8-1.1
20012.99.110.6
200214.20.619.5
200314.6-3.86.2
200412.56.28.5
2005-8.84.6-5.4
200614.35.26.7
200713,43.28.1
2008-7-1.211.8
20095.11.76.2
2010-2.35.3-0.2
2011-6.3-3-0.7
20124.42.6-1.1

Inflation

Year on year inflation [65] :

Year199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013
%20.8ten9.18.88.510.72.13.94.71.80.12,81.92.52,86.31,01,51.93.31.4

Consumer Price Index (December to December of the previous year) [65] :

Year1997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012
%ten6.82.54.04.10.61,02,82.21.75,43.61,02,32,42,4

GDP

Dynamics of changes in nominal GDP in kroons: [66] :

Year19981999200020012002200320042005200620072008
%-one0.53.33,12.02.94.06.06.16.63,5

Investments

The amount of dividends of foreign owners of Czech organizations and the amount of reinvested funds in billion crowns: [67] :

Year200220032004200520062007
The amount of dividends to foreigners32,752.173.572.998.4108.8
Reinvested volume64.360.975.878,299.7130.6

Amount of funds in various mutual funds [68] :

Year2005200620072008
Billion crowns231271315244

State budget

Revenues, expenses and surplus of the state budget of the Czech Republic in millions of crowns: [69] :

Year199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007
Income162 513225,342251 379358,000390 508439 968482,817508 950537 411567 275586 208626 223705,043699 665769 207866 490923 3201,025,888
Consumption163 557240 089253,076356 919380 059432,738484,379524 668566 741596 909632,268693 921750 758808 718862 892922,8501,020,6301,092,227
Surplus- 0.6%- 6.5%- 0.7%+ 0.3%+ 2.7%+ 1.6%- 0.3%- 3.05%- 5.5%- 5.2%- 7.9%+ 10.8%- 6.5%- 15.6%- 12.2%- 6.5%- 10.5%- 6.5%

Population Incomes

С 2001 по 2008 год среднемесячная зарплата в Чехии повысилась с 420 до 910 евро. К 2009 году она снизилась до 890 евро. [70] В 2012 году средняя заработная плата выросла на 665 крон по сравнению с 2011 г. и составила 25 101 крон , то есть 1282 долл. США. [71] В 2018 году минимальный размер оплаты труда составит 12200 крон . По информации Чешского статистического управления, в последнем квартале 2017 года средний размер оплаты труда (брутто) в Чехии составил 31 646 крон (1246 евро). Средняя заработная плата в Чешской Республике увеличилась на 8,0 процента в последнем квартале 2017 года по сравнению с аналогичным периодом прошлого года. Средний размер оплаты труда (нетто), с учётом инфляции, увеличился на 5,3%. Среднемесячный доход за весь 2017 год вырос на 7,0 процента до 29 504 крон . Две трети работающих чешских граждан получают зарплату ниже среднего показателя. Медианная средняя заработная плата, в последнем квартале выросла на 8,9 процента до 27 320 крон . Учителя и государственные служащие увидели самый значительный рост зарплаты в 2017 году. С ноября заработная плата учителей увеличилась на 15 процентов, а зарплаты государственных служащих выросли на 10 процентов. В целом заработная плата в государственной сфере увеличилась на 13 процентов. [72] [73]

Средняя зарплата в Чехии в 2017 году увеличилась до 67 процентов от средней по ЕС, с 65 процентов в предыдущем году. Заработная плата в Чешской Республике примерно на том же уровне, что и в Польше ( € 1089.32) [74] , Португалии ( € 1144.6), Греции ( € 1092.01) или Тайване ( € 1166.89) [75] [76] , но ниже чем в Словении ( € 1658) и Эстонии ( € 1242) [77] [78] [79] [80] [72] [73] . С 1 января 2019 года MPOT составляет 13350 крон (брутто) и 11266 крон (нетто). [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [83] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] В 2018 году средний размер оплаты труда в Чехии составлял 31885 Kč ( € 1245.45, брутто), и 24027 Kč ( € 938.51, нетто). [94] [95] [96] [97] В четвёртом квартале 2018 года средний размер оплаты труда в Чехии составлял 33840 Kč ( € 1321.51, брутто), и 25377 Kč ( € 991.01, нетто). [98] [99] [100] [101] [102]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 [1]
  2. ↑ [2]
  3. ↑ [3]
  4. ↑ [4]
  5. ↑ [5]
  6. ↑ [6]
  7. ↑ [7]
  8. ↑ General government gross debt (неопр.) . ec.europa.eu . Eurostat . Date of appeal April 24, 2019.
  9. ↑ [8]
  10. ↑ [9]
  11. ↑ [10]
  12. ↑ Trade unions, employers agree on €540 minimum wage for 2019 | Business | Err
  13. ↑ Tuleval aastal kasvab miinimumpalk 40 eurot - Majandus
  14. ↑ Turvafirmad alampalga tõusust: riik peaks siis ise ka loobuma valveteenuste eest liiga madala hinna maksmisest - ärileht.ee
  15. ↑ [11]
  16. ↑ [12]
  17. ↑ [13]
  18. ↑ [14]
  19. ↑ [15]
  20. ↑ Average wages - 2nd quarter of 2018 (неопр.) . Czech Statistical Office . Date of treatment September 7, 2018.
  21. ↑ Výpočet čisté mzdy 2019 - Kalkulačka | Peníze.cz
  22. ↑ Minimum Wage in Europe - Google Public Data Explorer
  23. ↑ Government to raise minimum wage to CZK 13,350 a month | Radio Prague
  24. ↑ Zaručená mzda a minimální mzdové tarify 2019 - Aktuálně.cz
  25. ↑ Minimální mzda se od roku 2019 zvýší na 13 350 Kč - Portál POHODA
  26. ↑ Komentář Jany Havligerové: Minimální mzda, vděčné věčné téma | E15.cz
  27. ↑ Minimální mzda by se měla odpolitizovat a růst podle mzdy průměrné, říká ekonom Sobíšek | E15.cz
  28. ↑ Růst minimální mzdy je historicky bezprecedentní, politici si „hrají s ohněm“ a firmy mají nejnižší ziskovost od roku 1999
  29. ↑ 1 2 Minimální mzda se od ledna zvýší o 1 150 Kč na 13 350 Kč, uvedla Maláčová | ParlamentniListy.cz – politika ze všech stran
  30. ↑ Nařízení vlády č. 286/2017 Sb.
  31. ↑ Informace o minimální mzdě od 1. ledna 2018
  32. ↑ Minimální mzda opět poskočí: Od ledna se zvýší na 13 350 korun, odbory žádaly víc | Blesk.cz
  33. ↑ Minimální mzda se od ledna zvýší na 13 350 korun, oznámila ministryně Maláčová po jednání tripartity | iROZHLAS - spolehlivé zprávy
  34. ↑ Minimální mzda je v Česku dlouhodobě pod hranicí příjmové chudoby - Deník.cz
  35. ↑ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (англ.) (неопр.) ? . www.imf.org . Date of appeal September 15, 2018.
  36. ↑ «E15», «Útlum těžby připraví o práci stovky lidí», 4 января 2013 (чешск.)
  37. ↑ «Auto.cz», «Slováci vyrábějí nejvíc aut na hlavu v Evropě», 15 марта 2012 (чешск.)
  38. ↑ 1 2 «E15», «Automobilky v Česku vyrobily loni téměř milion vozů», 13 января 2010 (чешск.)
  39. ↑ «E15», «Česko poprvé vyrobí přes milion aut», 4 июня 2008 Архивная копия от 6 июня 2008 на Wayback Machine (чешск.)
  40. ↑ «SDRUŽENÍ AUTOMOBILOVÉHO PRŮMYSLU», «Přehledy výroby a odbytu vozidel domácích výrobců» Архивная копия от 14 апреля 2011 на Wayback Machine (чешск.)
  41. ↑ «Auto.cz», «Loni se v ČR vyrobilo rekordních 1,195 mil. vozů», 26 января 2012 (чешск.)
  42. ↑ «E15», «SAP: Výroba aut stoupne letos o desetinu», 26 октября 2011
  43. ↑ «E15», «Vývoz piva stoupl, doma se vypilo méně», 26 марта 2009 (недоступная ссылка) (чешск.)
  44. ↑ «E15», «Výroba piva v Česku po třech letech vzrostla», 21 марта 2012 (чешск.)
  45. ↑ «E15», «Zemědělci vydělali lon i nejvíce za 20 let», 12 марта 2012 Архивная копия от 20 июля 2012 на Wayback Machine (чешск.)
  46. ↑ Крупнейшая чешская добывающая группа приобрела щебневый карьер на Украине Архивная копия от 29 мая 2008 на Wayback Machine Деловая столица, 5 ноября 2007 года
  47. ↑ «E15», «Německo pomohlo českým rejdařům k rekordnímu růstu», 28 марта 2012 (чешск.)
  48. ↑ «24 Hodin», «Internet v ČR slaví 15 let», 7 февраля 2007 (чешск.)
  49. ↑ «E15», «Brusel chce rychlý internet pro všechny», 26 сентября 2008 (недоступная ссылка) (чешск.)
  50. ↑ «E15», «Češi častěji nakupují online», 6 ноября 2008 Архивная копия от 9 ноября 2008 на Wayback Machine (чешск.)
  51. ↑ «E15», «Téměř každý čtvrtý Čech loni nakupoval na internetu», 30 марта 2009 (чешск.)
  52. ↑ «FinančníNoviny.cz», «Nejvíc loni zrychlil mobilní internet, o 183 % na 1,9 Mbit/s», 19 января 2012 (чешск.)
  53. ↑ «E15», «Dvě ze tří kreditních karet Češi nepoužívají», 23 апреля 2009 (недоступная ссылка) (чешск.)
  54. ↑ «РБК daily», «Хотим в Европу», 9 июня 2007 (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 11 июня 2007. Архивировано 13 августа 2009 года.
  55. ↑ «E15», «Příjmy České republiky z cestovního ruchu opět rostly», 15 мая 2008 Архивная копия от 17 мая 2008 на Wayback Machine (чешск.)
  56. ↑ «E15», «Majitelé kempů mají problémy i letos», 13 августа 2008 Архивная копия от 27 сентября 2008 на Wayback Machine (чешск.)
  57. ↑ «E15», «Zastánci jádra chtějí jednotnou legislativu pro atomové elektrárny», 26 мая 2008 Архивная копия от 29 мая 2008 на Wayback Machine (чешск.)
  58. ↑ «E15», «Elektřina z větru se zdvojnásobila», 12 февраля 2009 (недоступная ссылка) (чешск.)
  59. ↑ «E15», «Solární firmy sepisují žaloby», 2 апреля 2010 Архивная копия от 20 июля 2012 на Wayback Machine (чешск.)
  60. ↑ «E15», «Energie stagnuje — její výroba ani spotřeba v ČR neroste ani neklesá», 19 мая 2013 (чешск.)
  61. ↑ «E15», «Spotřeba elektřiny v Česku loni i přes nastupující krizi vzrostla», 2 февраля 2009 (недоступная ссылка) (чешск.)
  62. ↑ «Hospodářské noviny», «Zelená energie pokrývá 10 procent české spotřeby, loni její podíl klesl kvůli nepříznivému počasí», 24 мая 2017 (чешск.)
  63. ↑ «E15», «Češi nacházejí cestu zpět do Ruska» (недоступная ссылка) (чешск.)
  64. ↑ Импортёры из Чехии в Россию
  65. ↑ 1 2 Český statistický úřad, «Inflace — druhy, definice, tabulky» (чешск.)
  66. ↑ «Kurzy.cz», «HDP 2009, vývoj hdp v ČR» (чешск.)
  67. ↑ «Ekonomika.iHNed.cz», «Letos do ciziny odejdou rekordní dividendy 131 mld.Kč», 24 августа 2008 (чешск.)
  68. ↑ «E15», «O majetek přišly skoro všechny fon», 11 февраля 2009 (чешск.)
  69. ↑ «Finance.cz», «Příjmy a výdaje státního rozpočtu» Архивная копия от 9 октября 2008 на Wayback Machine (чешск.)
  70. ↑ Страны Балтии в поисках выхода из кризиса Архивировано 10 июля 2012 года. // Вопросы экономики, № 4, 2010
  71. ↑ Министерство экономического развития РФ. Внешнеэкономическая информация (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 24 февраля 2014. Архивировано 30 июня 2013 года.
  72. ↑ 1 2 Czech average monthly wages pass 30,000 crown mark for first time | Radio Prague
  73. ↑ 1 2 Средняя зарплата в Чехии – 1246 евро | Радио Прага
  74. ↑ Average wage in Poland up 7% in May: stats office - Radio Poland :: News from Poland
  75. ↑ Average monthly salary in Taiwan rose to NT$4... | Taiwan News
  76. ↑ Average monthly regular earnings rise to NT$40,792 in April | Economics | FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS
  77. ↑ Средняя зарплата в Эстонии в I квартале выросла до 1242 евро | Экономика | Err
  78. ↑ Estonia's average monthly wage increases to €1,242 | Business | Err
  79. ↑ Czech average wages rise 8.6 percent in first quarter | Radio Prague
  80. ↑ [16]
  81. ↑ Error in footnotes ? : Invalid <ref> ; no text for eurostat footnotes
  82. ↑ Error in footnotes ? : Invalid <ref> ; no publicdata text for footnotes
  83. ↑ 1 2 Minimální mzda se od ledna zvýší o 1 150 Kč na 13 350 Kč, uvedla Maláčová (Czech) . ParlamentniListy.cz (November 14, 2018). Date of treatment December 2, 2018. Archived November 18, 2018.
  84. ↑ . Minimální mzda opět poskočí: Od ledna se zvýší na 13 350 korun (Czech) . Blesk.cz (November 14, 2018). Date of treatment December 2, 2018. Archived November 27, 2018.
  85. ↑ Minimální mzda se od ledna zvýší na 13 350 korun, oznámila ministryně Maláčová po jednání tripartity (Czech) . iROZHLAS (November 14, 2018). Date of treatment December 2, 2018. Archived on November 16, 2018.
  86. ↑ . Minimální mzda je v Česku dlouhodobě pod hranicí příjmové chudoby (Czech) . Deník.cz (November 14, 2018). Date of treatment December 2, 2018. Archived December 2, 2018.
  87. ↑ Nařízení vlády č. 286/2017 Sb. (Czech) . Zákony pro lidi . Date of treatment December 2, 2018. Archived on July 30, 2018.
  88. ↑ Informace o minimální mzdě od 1. ledna 2018 (Czech) (pdf). . Date of treatment December 2, 2018. Archived on July 30, 2018.
  89. ↑ Mzdová kalkulačka: Čistá mzda (Czech) . Měšec.cz . Date of treatment December 3, 2018.
  90. ↑ Mzdová kalkulačka - výpočet čisté mzdy 2018 (Czech) . Finance.cz . Date of treatment December 3, 2018.
  91. ↑ Kalkulačka výpočtu čisté mzdy pro rok 2018 (Czech) . Kurzy.cz . Date of treatment December 3, 2018.
  92. ↑ Výpočet čisté mzdy 2018 (Czech) . Peníze.cz . Date of treatment December 3, 2018.
  93. ↑ Kalkulátor čisté mzdy (Czech) . iDNES.cz . Date of treatment December 3, 2018.
  94. ↑ [17]
  95. ↑ [18]
  96. ↑ [19]
  97. ↑ [20]
  98. ↑ [21]
  99. ↑ [22]
  100. ↑ [23]
  101. ↑ [24]
  102. ↑ [25]

Links

  • Czech. Foreign economic activity // Portal of foreign economic information of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech Republic_Economy&oldid = 101347996


More articles:

  • El Moro Canyon orthohantavirus
  • Bortsovo (Novosibirsk region)
  • Agranat, Boris Abramovich
  • Budanov, Yuri Dmitrievich
  • Degavuda Gradus
  • Church of St. Sarkis (Damascus)
  • European Team Chess Championship 2015
  • Luo Cacho, Luigi
  • German Economy
  • Appleton Lloyd

All articles

Clever Geek | 2019