Criminal (criminal) anthropology (from lat. Crimen - crime, Greek anthropos - man and logos - word, concept, teaching) - an anthropology section that studies the anatomical , physiological and psychological characteristics of criminals prone to relapse ( homo delinquens ) [1] .
Criminal anthropology tries to explain and establish a connection between the anatomical and physiological characteristics of a person and his moral qualities, his attitude to the social order. Crime is studied as a natural phenomenon, almost independent of human will and activity, similar to birth and death. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, some scholars preaching this theory considered the criminal as a special kind of the human race [2] . This point of view contradicts the undoubted fact of the social origin of the crime and its dependence on the conditions of the place and time (see Anthropology of Law ) [3] .
The first foundations of criminal anthropology were laid in the 18th century by Johann Caspar Lafater and Franz Josef Halle ( phrenology ). In the XIX century, the most prominent representative of criminal anthropology was the Italian psychiatrist Cesare Lombroso [4] [5] . Lamborzo wrote:
“ Suddenly, one morning on a gloomy December day, I found on the convict’s skull a series of abnormalities ... similar to those found in lower vertebrates. When I saw these strange abnormalities - as if a clear light illuminated a dark plain to the horizon - I realized that the problem of the nature and origin of the criminals was solved for me . "
Soon, numerous followers joined him, with a more or less independent scientific direction [6] .
Among the Russian scientists working in this area , P.N. Tarnovskaya (wife of V. M. Tarnovsky , Kozlov’s maiden name; author of the monograph: Women Killers , St. Petersburg , 1902; anthropological study, with 163 drawings and 8 anthropometrics tables) [7] and D. A. Dril [8] - the universally recognized head of the Russian branch of the criminal-anthropological school [9] .
The work of Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri , Rafael Garofalo and others resulted in significant changes in the various teachings of criminal law - changes to which bold and harsh criticism of the Italian school gave the first impetus; but the actual strengthening of criminal anthropology, as a special science, could not be achieved. Nevertheless, the work of criminal anthropologists gave a lot of valuable guidance in the study of the characteristics of the criminal world and simultaneously put forward the social aspects of the crime [3] .
See also
- Anthropology of law
- Criminal sexology
- The identity of the offender
- Positivism
- Social anthropology
- Forensic Anthropology
Notes
- ↑ Criminal anthropology
- ↑ Solovyov V.S. Incorrigible criminals // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ 1 2 Timofeev A.G. Criminal Anthropology // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Criminology: Textbook / Ed. V.N. Kudryavtseva and V.E. Eminova. M., 2005.S. 41.
- ↑ Criminology: Textbook / Ed. V. D. Malkova. M .: CJSC Justicinform, 2006.
- ↑ Sluchevsky V.K. Italian School of Criminalists // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Tarnovskaya, Praskovya Nikolaevna // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Drill, Dmitry Andreevich // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Biography of D. A. Dril on the site “Legal Psychology”.
Literature
- Garbarino. M. "Sociocultural Theory in Anthropology", (1977 ) .
- Black E. "War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race", (2003 ) .