The Herat Khanate is a feudal state that existed in the Middle East from 1818 to 1863 [1] .
History
The city of Herat and the province of the same name have been important since ancient times, located on the Great Silk Road . The fortified city appeared here at the turn of the 1st millennium BC. Herat was constantly becoming the object of conquest: Greeks, Arabs, Seljuks, Turkmens, Mongols, Uzbeks. In 1610, the province became part of Persia , which owned it until 1775. Then, according to the results of the Afghan-Persian war, the khanate became dependent on Afghanistan [1] .
After the death in 1793, Timur Shah, the ruler of the Durrani Empire , his son, Zaman Khan, ascended the throne. However, his brothers, including the ruler of Herat Mahmoud Shah, did not recognize the primacy of Zaman Khan. Mahmud Shah declared the independence of the Herat Khanate and opposed Zaman Khan. From 1801 to 1804, Mahmud Shah owned Kabul, then was overthrown and imprisoned, but he escaped and again in 1809 captured the Shah’s throne. However, in 1818, Dost Muhammad Khan captured Kabul, Purdil Khan - Kandahar , and Muhammad Azim Khan - Peshawar . The independent Herat Khanate remained the last estate of the Durrani dynasty [2] . Mahmud Shah ruled from 1818 to 1828 [3] until he was overthrown by the son of Kamran Shah [2] [3] .
Over the 12 years of the reign of Kamran Shah, the Persians have repeatedly tried to take possession of the Persians, but without success [2] . The siege of Herat in 1837 was especially strong. The Persian Shah Magomed led to the city a 30-thousandth army with 60 guns. The siege lasted 9.5 months and was lifted at the insistence of the British [1] . In 1840, Kamran Shah was killed, the vizier Yar-Muhammad Khan Alkozai ascended the throne [2] .
From 1837 to 1841, the interests of two more powers clashed in Herat in the most intense way: Russia and England. Both countries sought to develop their own trade with the countries of the region and discourage competitors. To this end, a diplomatic struggle was waged for influence both in Persia and in Afghanistan, and the Herat Khanate was at the very center of this struggle. As a result of diplomatic efforts, Herat retained relative independence, and Persia and Afghanistan came to a compromise [4] .
New military campaigns against Herat were launched only in the 1850s. In 1852, Herat besieged the Kabul emir Dost-Magomed Khan, and in 1856 a new attempt to seize Herat was made by the Persians, but was unsuccessful due to the intervention of the British . After taking control of the city for a short time, they were forced to leave it under the terms of a peace treaty. The final conquest of the Herat Khanate took place in 1863: after a ten-month siege, Dost-Magomed Khan took possession of the city and annexed the khanate to his possessions. The last short period of independence of the Herat Khanate fell on the reign of Yakub Khan (1871-1874) [1] .
Rulers
Herat (1818 - 1863).
- 1. Kamran-khan ibn Mahmoud (1818 - 42, fact. From 1809).
- 2. Yar Mohammed Khan Alkozai (1842 - 51).
- 3. Seyyid Mohammed Khan, son (1851 - 56).
- 1856 - 1857 Persian occupation.
- 4. Sultan Ahmad Khan Barakzai (1857 - 63).
- 1863 to Afghanistan. [five]
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Herat // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Durrani // All the monarchs of the world. Muslim East. XV-XX centuries .: Reference book / Ryzhov K.V .. - M. , 2004.
- ↑ 1 2 Principality of Herat “Hazaras. Essays on the New History hazaras.ru. Date of treatment November 3, 2015.
- ↑ Bugaev A.G. The struggle for Herat in 1837-1841. // Bulletin of the Russian State Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen: a magazine. - 2007. - T. 15 , No. 39 . - ISSN 1992-6464 .
- ↑ Rulers of the World. V. Erlichman. 2009.