Oli, Khadga Prasad Sharma

Young years and education

Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli was born on February 22, 1952 in the Iva - Khanigown in the Terhatum region of Nepal ^{[1] [2]} . He was the oldest child in the modest peasant family of Madhumaya and Mohan Prasad Oli ^{[3] [4] [5] [6]} . At birth, received the name "Drhuba", but later it was changed to "Khadga Prasad" ^[4] .

When Olya was four years old, his mother died of smallpox and the boy was raised by his grandmother Ranmaia ^[4] . He received his primary education in Pramani High School, having finished the fifth grade ^{[2] [4]} . Oli was known for his sharp mind and strong character, he loved to play chess, as well as soccer with a ball of rags, wrote patriotic and nationalist poems ^{[4] [6]} , and also learned English with a Peace Corps volunteer ^[7] , wanting to become teacher or doctor ^{[8] [9]} . During her studies, Oli spoke out against physical violence, watching other parents beat their children, and talked about this with his grandmother, later admitting that “since childhood, I was against people who misused their power and wealth. It may be that this discontent has rooted politics in my blood ” ^[8] .

Political and revolutionary activity

In 1963, at the age of 12, Oli moved to Jhapa with the help of the communist leader Ramnath Dahal, who later became a victim of murder ^[4] . As a student, in 1966, under the influence of communist ideology and the philosophy of Marxism-Leninism, he began political activity as a student of the Marxist Research Group ^{[1] [4] [7] [10] [11] [12]} . In 1968, Oli became a member of the factional committee of the student wing of the , and in 1969 - as its member, taking the post of deputy party secretary ^{[1] [7] [12]} .

In 1970, Olya became a member of the party’s district committee and began to engage in underground activities against the autocratic policies of the , while the royal regime began to suppress the communist movement ^{[1] [5] [13]} . In the same year he was arrested for the first time ^[1] . In 1971 he graduated with a certificate from the 10th grade of Adash secondary school in Jhap, but did not continue to receive education ^{[8] [9]} . In 1972, he chaired the Peasant Uprising in Jhap under the leadership of a member of the ^{[3] [7]} . At this time, Olya openly sided with the peaceful resolution of the conflict, but in accordance with the party’s decision, took part in the armed struggle ^[12] , which consisted in decapitating the local landowners ^[4] . In 1973, he was arrested a second time on charges of murder and spent 14 years in prison in various prisons in the country ^{[1] [4] [5] [7] [12]} .

After his release in 1987, in 1988, Oli became a member of the underground Central Committee of the Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) , and in 1990 he headed the party committee in the Lumbini zone ^{[1] [5] [7] [12]} , subsequently proving himself in as a key figure in Nepalese politics ^[6] .

In high party and government posts

In 1990, after the restoration of democracy and the fall of the Panchayat regime, Oli became a member of the permanent Central Committee of the CPN (ML) and the ^{[1] [4] [5] [12]} . In 1991, he was first elected to Parliament from Jhapa-6 County ^[5] . In the same year, he became the founder and first president of the ^[12] In 1992, Oli became the chairman of the foreign department of the Communist Party (United Marxist-Leninist) ^[10] , and also took part in the program ^[7] . In 1992, he represented the parliament at the 87th conference of the Inter-Parliamentary Union in Cameroon and the 88th conference in Sweden , and as a member of the IPU Council, he was an observer in the US presidential election ^[5] . In 1993, Oli played a key role in developing the CPN (AML) guiding principle called “ ”, put forward by Secretary General ^[12] . In 1993, he became the head of the Department of Advertising and the chairman of the Investigative Commission formed by CPN (AML) to investigate a car accident that occurred on May 16, 1993, in which Secretary General Bhandari and head of the organizational department Jib Raj Ashrit died ^[5] . In 1994, Oli was re-elected to parliament from Jhapa-6 district, defeating , a candidate from the Nepalese Congress ^[14] . From 1995 to 2008, he headed the party’s parliamentary department ^[15] .

From November 30, 1994 to September 12, 1995, he served as in the minority government under the leadership of Chairman of the CPN (AML) Man Mohan Adhikari under King Birendra ^{[1] [7] [10] [16] [17]} .

In 1993, Oli visited the People's Republic of China at the invitation of the friendly Chinese Communist Party . In 1994 he became a member of the Presidium of the Organization of Solidarity of Afro-Asian Peoples. In 1995, Oli took part in the 6th joint meeting of the ministerial committees of Nepal - Bhutan in Thimphu ^[5] . In 1997, he led the delegation at the 80th Conference of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta and visited the Democratic People's Republic of Korea at the invitation of the Government and the Workers' Party of Korea . In 1998, Oli led the CPN (AML) delegation to the PRC and paid a friendly visit to Great Britain and Germany at the invitation of the British Foreign Office and German friends. In 1999, he represented the party in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the formation of the People’s League in Bangladesh. ^[15]

In 1999, Oli was elected to parliament from Jhapa-2 district, defeating Giriraj Kumari Prasai, and from Jhapa-6 district, defeating Kashi Lala Tajpuriya ^{[14] [18]} . From 1999 to 2002 he was the deputy leader of the opposition in parliament ^[15] . In 2000, Oli became president of the Organization of Solidarity of Afro-Asian Peoples ^[5] . In 2000, he was a member of the delegation at the UN General Assembly in the United States , and then visited Russia , Belarus , Cyprus and the UK. In 2002, took part in an international meeting in Pyongyang . In 2003, Oli participated in international conferences on the occasion of Nagasaki-Hiroshima Day in Japan ^[15] . In 2003, he developed and put forward a proposal for the democratization of the Communist Parties, adopted at the 7th Congress of the CPN (AML) ^[12] . In 2003 and 2004, Oli attended international conferences in Colombo in Sri Lanka . In 2004, at an international conference in Lima in Peru ^[15] . In 2004, he headed the main department of the party school ^[15] . In 2006, Oli was a member of the delegation of Nepal at the 61st session of the UN General Assembly, the summit during the 14th congress of the Non-Aligned Movement in Havana in Cuba , the meeting of Ministers of the Non-Aligned Movement in Putrajaya in Malaysia , the SAARC Ministerial Meeting in Dhaka in 2006 , 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of Sri Lanka ^[15] .

After the end of a ten-year civil war and the actions of the democratic movement aimed at abolishing the autocratic monarchy and creating an equal society ^[13] , from May 2, 2006 to April 1, 2007, Oli served as and Deputy Prime Minister in the interim government of Girija Prasada Koirali under King Gyanendra ^{[1] [7] [19] [20]} .

After the abolition of the monarchy and the formation of a secular republic in 2008, Oli lost his seat in the Constituent Assembly to from the CPN (Maoist) ^[21] . In 2010, in recognition of his merits, he received a doctorate from Green Ford International University ^{[8] [9]} . In 2013, he became a member of the constituent assembly from Jhapa-7 district, defeating Suresh Kumar Yongyu ^[22] . On February 4, 2014, he was elected as chairman of the parliamentary faction of the CPN (AML), having received 98 votes and ahead of former party chairman Jalu Nath Khanal with 78 votes ^{[1] [3] [23]} . Returning from Bangkok after treating kidney disease, on June 9, at a meeting of party cadres in Kathmandu, Oli noted that “when the monarchy was in power, I fought against the king, and when the Nepali Congress was powerful, I fought against them. I also waged an ideological struggle against ultra-left Maoist thinking ” ^[24] . On July 14, at the 9th Congress of the CPN (OML), he was elected chairman of the party, receiving 1002 votes and succeeding Kumar Nepal, who was criticized by him, with 963 votes, presiding since 1993 after the death of Madan Bhandari ^{[25] [26]} . Some observers regarded Olya’s rise to power as a return to the origins and ideals of the party, formed during the Jhapal uprising ^[3] .

Nepal's Prime Minister

After seven years of work on September 20, 2015, the new constitution of Nepal was finally adopted, according to which new elections were scheduled in the country ^[27] . On October 10, being unable to cope with protests of small ethnic groups against certain provisions of the new constitution and their blockade of cross-border trade with India, Nepal's Prime Minister Sushil Koirala submitted a resignation letter to President Ram Baran Yadav , retaining all powers until the formation of a new government ^[27] . On the same day, Oli ran for the prime minister’s candidates from the CPN (OML), with the support of 13 of the 31 parties, namely the OKP (Maoist) , , , Workers 'and Peasants' Party , , the , the , the , the and the Madhesi Democratic Rights Forum ^{[28] [29] [30] [31]} . The candidate was to receive a majority or votes of 299 legislators of the total number of deputies of 598 people ^[28] , while they were not allowed to remain neutral ^{[32] [33]} . The voting, which began on October 11 at 11 am, was attended by 587 deputies, 7 were absent, 2 boycotted the meeting, and 14 abstained ^{[30] [31] [34]} . Oli received 338 votes and defeated the candidate from the Nepal Congress, Sushil Koirala with 249 votes, gaining 89 votes more than him ^{[1] [29] [30] [35]} . Following the publication of the results, Speaker of Parliament, announced the election of Olya as Nepal’s Prime Minister in accordance with article 298 (3) of the constitution ^[10] .

In a speech to parliament, Oli expressed his readiness to work with all political parties to solve the current problems of the country, noting that “my request is that all parties should work together and move forward towards consensus” ^{[36] [37]} . During a telephone conversation with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi , Oli received assurances from him in helping realize the aspirations of the people of Nepal and an invitation to visit India ^{[38] [39]} . Chinese Prime Minister Li Keqiang said in his message that under the leadership of Oli, Nepal must achieve new achievements in the process of maintaining stability in the country and promoting economic development ^[40] . US Department of State spokesman Mark Toner noted that “the United States is encouraging all interested political parties to participate fully in a democratic process that meets the aspirations of all Nepalese” ^[41] , and US National Security Council spokesman Ned Price said “The United States looks forward to continued cooperation with the people and government of Nepal during their construction of a more united, stable and prosperous country.” ^[42] At the same time, in the native village of Olya, people took to the streets with candles to celebrate his election ^[2] .

On October 12, in the presence of the President of Nepal, Ram Baran Yadava, the Speaker of the Parliament Subas Chandra Nembang, the Vice-President Parmananda Jah , the outgoing Prime Minister Sushil Koirali, acting Chief Justice Girish Chandra Lal, Oli, was sworn in with a small government consisting of five ministers and two deputy prime ministers - and ^{[19] [43] [44]} . Thus, Oli became the 38th Prime Minister of Nepal and the first after the adoption of the new constitution ^[1] , in a difficult period, marked by the consequences of devastating earthquakes , interethnic violent conflict and a shortage of essential goods ^{[11] [19] [45]} .

On October 13, Oli met with the President of Nepal, Ram Baran Yadav, and discussed with him political problems in the country ^[46] . was elected on October 16 to become chairman of the parliament, becoming the first woman in the post ^{[47] [48]} . On October 29, Bidhya Devi Bhandari , also the first woman in this position, was also elected president of Nepal, as well as the widow of Madan Bhandari and a close associate of Olya ^{[49] [50]} . On October 31, 2015, Nanda Kishor Poon was elected as the second vice-president ^[51] .

On July 13, 2016, the Communist Party (Maoist-centrist) with the support of the Nepal Congress refused to continue to be in the existing coalition government, and 8 ministers, including the Deputy Prime Minister, resigned from their posts, citing Olya's failure to fulfill her obligations under the new constitution and the peace process, as well as the unsatisfactory conduct of reconstruction after the earthquake. It was expected that he himself would resign from the post of prime minister, however, meeting with other partners in the coalition, Olya announced that he had addressed the parliament for a vote of confidence. Following the introduction of the relevant documents, the Chairman of the National Assembly, scheduled an hearing on this issue on July 21 ^{[52] [53]} . Discussions of a vote of no confidence took three days ^[54] , during which the Democratic Forum of Madhesi Rights and refused support from the government ^[55] . Without waiting for the expected negative outcome for himself, on July 24, 2016, Oli announced his resignation from the post of prime minister, having stayed in this position for only 9 months ^{[56] [57] [58]} . On August 3, members of parliament elected Maoist Pushpu Kamal Dahal the new Prime Minister of Nepal, who had already taken the oath of office on 4 August ^{[59] [60] [61] [62]} .

On February 15, the current Prime Minister of Nepal, Sher Bahadur Deuba , resigned after the final results of the parliamentary elections were announced, in which the left alliance of the CPN (OML) Oli and the UCP (M) Dahal gained the majority of votes ^{[63] [64] [65]} . After that, the Standing Committee of the CPN (AML) nominated Olya for the post of Prime Minister ^{[66] [67]} . On the same day, Oli was appointed President of Bhandari and took the oath of office at the Presidential Residence, becoming the 41st Prime Minister and taking office for his second term ^{[68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73]} .