Malayali ( Malayal. മലയാളി , English. Malayali, Malayalee ) - people in India , the main population of the state of Kerala . Small groups live in neighboring countries. Language - Malayalam , a southern group of the Dravidian language family , uses the Grantha- based script of the same name . The language took shape in the 16th century. The number is over 35 million. Religious affiliation - Hindus , Christians , Muslims .
| Malayali | |
|---|---|
| Abundance and area | |
| Total: ~ 36 million | |
 Singapore :7800 people | |
| Tongue | malayalam |
| Religion | Hinduism - 57.43% [1] Islam - 26.56% [1] Christianity - 18.38% [1] Jainism , Buddhism , etc. - 0.33% [1] |
| Related peoples | Dravidians |
Content
Origin
According to the anthropological type, malayalis belong mainly to the South Indian subtype of the Mesoindian type. Some castes have vedoid features [2] .
In the I millennium BC. e. Malayali were part of the state of Chera . In the Middle Ages, its territory repeatedly disintegrated, and fragmentation persisted for a long time. In the XVII-XVIII centuries, the principalities of Travankor , Kochin and Malabar formed on the territory of Malayal [2] . In 1956, the united state of Kerala was formed on the basis of a common language.
Social Organization
Traditional family until the middle of the 20th century. the higher and middle castes have a large maternal (tarvad). The settlement is matrilocal. Legally, the fathers of children were considered maternal uncles ( avunculat ). The kinship score is matrilinear. There is polyandry (polyamy). In the south of Kerala, the family is patriarchal (under the influence of the Tamils ). Big families are breaking up now.
Genesis
The main occupations are arable farming (crops - rice, cassava , legumes, tea, coffee, garden crops). On the plains, agriculture is irrigated, in the mountains, rainfed . Horticulture is developed ( mangoes , bananas ), hevea (rubber), coconut palm, cultivated cattle breeding (large and small cattle, poultry). Developed fishing .
Crafts: the manufacture of boats, fishing tools (nets, tops, jails), weaving from coconut fiber, wood and ivory carvings, silver products.
Settlements - continuous development, one village often goes into another.
Housing - depends on the caste of the owner. Representatives of the higher castes have raw wooden houses, 2-storey, multi-chamber, with a gable roof. The yard and the house are surrounded by a high stone fence, there is a chapel, a well, outbuildings. The peasants have a one-story, adobe, one-two-chamber house, covered with palm leaves, with windows, with wooden bars.
In the poor, huts are often made of bamboo and palm mats, with a bamboo frame.
A distinctive feature of malayali architecture is the elevated corners of the roofs and high ridges above the ridge.
Clothing - for men - longs, for women - sarees , or longs with a blouse.
Food - cereals, tortillas, dairy products, spices, fish, shellfish.
Spiritual Culture
Ancient folk cults - mother goddesses, ancestors, sacred snakes. The worship was accompanied first by sacrifices, ritual dances, pantomimes. The main holiday - onam, harvesting, falls on August, September. For folklore, the dance-dramatic performances on mythological subjects are typical. The famous Kathakali folk theater.
Currently, about 23% are malayal Christians, 20% are Muslims ( mopla ), the rest are Hindus (Shaivites and Vishnuites) and adhere to traditional beliefs [2]
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Population by religious community - 2011 . en: 2011 Census of India . Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Date of treatment August 25, 2015. Archived on August 25, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 3 L. Mints. The peoples of the world. Olma Media Group, 2007 p. 319
Literature
- Malayali (Malayali) // Magnitogorsk - Medusa. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1954. - S. 136-137. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 51 vols.] / Ch. Ed. B.A. Vvedensky ; 1949-1958, vol. 26).
- Peoples of South Asia, M.-1963.
- Encyclopedia " Peoples and Religions of the World ", M.-1998.
- Reprisal against professors is an international experience. How to do it in Kerala