Nikolai Vasilievich Tomsky (real name - Grishin ; 1900 - 1984 ) - Soviet sculptor- muralist, teacher, professor . President of the Academy of Arts of the USSR from 1968 to 1983 .
| Nikolay Vasilievich Tomsky | ||||||||||
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| Birth name | Nikolay Vasilyevich Grishin | |||||||||
| Date of Birth | December 6 (December 19 ) 1900 (118 years old) | |||||||||
| Place of Birth | Ramushevo Village, Starorussky Uyezd , Novgorod Province , Russian Empire [1] | |||||||||
| Date of death | or | |||||||||
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| Genre | sculptor | |||||||||
| Study | Leningrad Art and Industrial College [3] | |||||||||
| Style | socialist realism See below - section Creativity | |||||||||
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Academician of the Academy of Arts of the USSR ( 1949 ; corresponding member 1947 ). People's Artist of the USSR (1960). Hero of Socialist Labor (1970). Laureate of Lenin (1972), five Stalin (1941, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1952), and USSR State Prize (1979). Member of the CPSU (b) since 1950 .
Content
Biography
Nikolai Vasilievich Grishin was born on December 6 (19), 1900 in the village of Ramushevo [1] in the family of a blacksmith. Since in 1914 his father went to the front, virtually all the years of the First World War, Nikolai stood at the head of the family. With the outbreak of the Civil War, N.V. Tomsky was drafted into the Red Army , fought, and was wounded.
Nikolai Tomsky lived in Ramushev for almost 20 years. Later he moved to Staraya Russa, showed interest in art, painted a lot, entered the drama club of the People’s House, organized on the initiative and efforts of a versatile person, painter, Wanderer Vasily Semenovich Svarog . It was V. S. Svarog who advised N. Tomsky to do modeling [4] .
The sculptor left memories filled with lyricism about the old Russian period of his youth.
| Excellent scenic spots, spacious water meadows along the shores of quiet, free Lovati . A multi-colored carpet in the spring, odorous hayfields in the summer, a bluish, chilly distance in the fall, and snow-covered virgin land cut through the frozen Lovat by sledging ... How much joy there is in the March blue and clear drops, in the murmur of spring streams. And what an indescribable delight the Lovati ice drift causes ... And the first song of the starling under the window and the silver bell of the invisible lark! What a bliss - to run through a flowering meadow on the fly knocking down golden buttercups, swan fluff of dandelions ... An unforgettable childhood - it is for life [5] . |
Creativity
After demobilization, in 1923 N.V. Tomsky went to Petrograd , where he entered the sculptural faculty of the Art and Industrial College, which he graduated in 1927 . Its leader was Vsevolod Vsevolodovich Lishev . First exhibited in 1925 at the Leningrad Museum of the Revolution at an exposition dedicated to the memory of V.I. Lenin. In the 1920s and 1930s, N.V. Tomsky participated in the restoration of the monumental and decorative sculpture of Leningrad, studying the traditions of the Russian sculpting school of the 19th century, which affect its plastic manner, the combination of individual and typical, characteristic gesture and carefully modeled forms , decoration, creating images imbued with pathetics and heroic pathos. At this time, the artist worked on the monument to S. M. Kirov (in 1935, an all-union competition for the design of the monument on Kirovskaya Square near the building of the district council of the same name in Leningrad was announced - the work of the sculptor N. V. Tomsky and architect N. A. Trotsky was won. The monument was unveiled 6 December 1938. On the pedestal there are bas-reliefs dedicated to the theme of civil war, labor - Bronze, granite. This work was awarded the Stalin Prize of the USSR - the first state award for N. V. Tomsky). In 1937, the sculptor created the statue of A. Busygin (gypsum) [4] [6] .
During the Great Patriotic War, N.V. Tomsky, while in the besieged Leningrad , took an active part in camouflage works aimed not only at solving defense problems, but also at saving the cultural heritage of the besieged city. He led a team of sculptors working on relief propaganda posters . Together with V. V. Isaeva , M. F. Baburin , G. B. Pyankova-Rakhmanina , R. N. Budilov, B. R. Shalyutin, V. Ya. Bogolyubov and A. A. Strekavin, he created the sculptural panel “ For the Motherland! ”(6 × 5 m), which was installed on Nevsky Prospekt in the area of the State Public Library [7] .
After the war, the sculptor works in Moscow. In the late 1940s, he fashioned and cast in bronze, carved a series of portraits and figures in stone in height. In the portrait gallery created by N. V. Tomsky at this time, there are military leaders, heroes of the Great Patriotic War: I. D. Chernyakhovsky (marble, 1947); M. G. Gareev (basalt, 1947), P. A. Pokryshev (marble, 1948), A. S. Smirnov (marble, 1948) - all in the TTG ; I.N. Kozhedub (study, bronze, 1948; RM , Leningrad; The bust is also installed in the rural square of the village of Obrazhievka, Shostka district ; architect L.G. Golubovsky ; bronze, marble. 1949). Monument to I.R. Apanasenko ( Belgorod ; bronze, 1944–49). For a series of portraits, a monument to I.R. Apanasenko and monumental reliefs of historical and revolutionary subjects (with co-authors; plaster, 1949), a portrait of S. M. Kirov (marble, 1949; State Tretyakov Gallery) - the sculptor was awarded several State Prizes.
N.V. Tomsky led the teams of sculptors who created monumental figures for Moscow skyscrapers , worked on the design of the Moscow metro . The sculptors M. F. Baburin , P. I. Bondarenko , N. I. Rudko, M. N. Smirnov , R. K. Taurit , A. P. Faydysh-Krandievsky , D. P. worked together with him in these groups . Schwartz , G.A. Schulz and others. Since 1948, N.V. Tomsky taught at the Moscow Art Institute (rector from 1964 to 1970 ). Since the mid-1950s, the individual characteristics of the model have deepened in the portrait work of the sculptor, the manner of sculpting becomes more plastic; - imagery acquires a meaningful and expressive psychological system. The sculptor's works in the nude genre are distinguished by lyricism and good knowledge of nature. He does not go to the extremes of generalization, but he is not afraid of filling. Unfortunately, this part of the sculptor’s creative heritage is not well known to the viewer. The portraits created by him as part of an ideological order meet not only the requirements of high professionalism, but also demonstrate the informal attitude of the master to the choice of means and the correspondence to their features of the models' inner life. Illustrative in this respect, for example, is the portrait of the French worker, the communist Joseph Gelton (bronze, 1967, Tretyakov Gallery). The same qualities are endowed with many portraits of politicians, scientists and cultural figures, created by him on the basis of sketches - or during foreign trips themselves, when the sculptor continued to remain creatively active; portraits - Jozef Lyaskovsky, Mexican painter-muralist Diego Rivera (1956-1957), Polish revolutionary V. Shopsky (1957), Bulgarian artist V. Dimitrov-Maystor (1957), President of the German Democratic Republic Wilhelm Peak (1956), General E. P. Petit (1957). Female portraits of the sculptor are also substantial, they reveal the nature of the models - the harmony of harmonious appearance and charm, inner beauty (Female portrait. 1964) [6] [8] [9] .
Along with teaching at the Moscow Art Institute, N.V. Tomsky from 1960 to 1968 led the creative workshop of the Academy of Arts in Leningrad [10] .
N.V. Tomsky took an active part in public life, it was thanks to his help that one of the major architectural monuments of the late XIX century - the Temple of All-Merciful Savior, which the Soviet authorities tried to demolish in 1979, was preserved. Back in 1929, the cathedral was closed, after which all the interior decoration was taken out, and the frescoes were painted over, the heads and the tier of the bell ringing were demolished. In fact, the church building in 1976 was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Moscow State Technological University “Stankina” , whose leadership decided to dismantle this monument of architecture and history “as unnecessary”, and to build educational buildings in its place. The actions of N.V. Tomsky allowed to defend the church. Thanks to the petition of the sculptor, it was possible to begin activities to revive the temple of “All Who Sorrow of Joy” and the Sorrowful Monastery , to which he belonged. So, already in 1982, the building, preserved by his forces, was restored by a Finnish company, according to the project of the Rosrestavratsiya Institute [11]
N.V. Tomsky died on November 22, 1984 . He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery (plot number 10).
School
L. M. Baranov , L. L. Berlin , T. E. Bermant , N. V. Bogushevskaya , Z. M. Vetrova , V. N. Vilvovsky , H. B. Gevorgyan , M. N. Dzboyev , V. B. Dobrokhotova , A. A. Drevin , V. Kh. Dumanyan , V. A. Evdokimov , Yu. P. Ishkhanov , S. S. Kazantsev , V. M. Klykov , O. K. Komov , Yu. I. Ksenofontov , Y. N. Kupreyanov , G.-N. A. Lavinsky , Yu. N. Lokhovinin , D. Yu. Mitlyansky , F. I. oglu Najafov , A. M. Nenasheva , I. N. Novikov , S. L. Ostrovskaya , G. D. Raspopov , M. B Romanovskaya , I. M. Rukavishnikov , K. Yu. Ryabinin , I. A. Tenet , N. P. Timofeev , Yu. P. Ustinova , A. N. Filippov-Rukavishnikov , A. I. Chernov , Yu. L Chernov , G. A. Shakarov and others.
Artwork
Author of monuments and portraits:
- Sculptural decoration of the Victory Bridge in Moscow, 1943;
- Monuments to V. I. Lenin in Leningrad, 1949, on the Central Slingshot; dismantled in 1951, replaced by another sculpture of Lenin by V. Ya. Bogolyubov and V.I. Ingal;
- Monuments to V.I. Lenin in Leningrad in 1949, at the Warsaw Station in 1949; arch. N.F. Khomutetskiy, B.V. Muravyov. Dismantled in 2005; in 2012 it was installed on the territory of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after P. F. Lesgaft;
- Monuments to V.I. Lenin in Sestroretsk. It was originally installed in 1950 on the Primorsky highway at the southern entrance to Sestroretsk, in 1963 it was transferred to Sq. Freedom; arch. A.I. Pribulsky;
- Monument to S. M. Kirov in Pskov ( 1937 ; taken out by the Germans in 1942 for remelting);
- Monument to S. M. Kirov in Leningrad ( 1938 , architect Trotsky N.A., see photo )
- Monument to S. M. Kirov in Kirovsk, Leningrad Region 1952
- Monument to S. M. Kirov in Voronezh 1939 in the square on the street. Lebedev;
- Monuments to V.I. Lenin in Voronezh ( 1940 ; restored in 1950; architect Trotsky N.A.); in 1967 the pedestal was replaced, and the monument itself was moved to the center of the square;
- Monuments to V.I. Lenin in Tallinn 1950; arch. A. Kotli; dismantled in 1991, transported to the city of Pärnu, where it stood decapitated until 2008, when it was sent to a landfill;
- Monuments to V. I. Lenin in Vilnius ( 1952 ; architect. Mikuchanis V. P. Dismantled in 1991. Now stands in Gruto-Park along with other dismantled monuments of the Soviet era;
- Monument to V.I. Lenin in Irkutsk ( 1952 ; arch. Golubovsky L.G.);
- Monument to V.I. Lenin in Klimovsk ( 1967 );
- Monuments to V.I. Lenin in Staraya Russa 1984
- Monument to I. V. Stalin on Obukhov Defense Avenue in Leningrad (architect Goldor D.S.); Dismantled in the late 1950s;
- Monument to I.V. Stalin on the Middle Slingshot in Leningrad, in 1951 the pedestal was replaced (architect B.N. Zhuravlev); Dismantled in the late 1950s;
- Monument to I.V. Stalin at the Baltic Station in Leningrad (architect N.F. Khomutetskiy, B.V. Muravyov, S.I. Evdokimov); Dismantled in the late 1950s;
- Monument to I. V. Stalin on his grave in Red Square, installed in 1970 [12]
- Monument to V. I. Lenin in Orel ( 1949 ; arch. Antipov B. V .; pl. K. Marx. In 1961 , transferred to Lenin pl. To the House of Soviets; arch. Golubovsky L. G.);
- Monument to the Army General I.R. Apanasenko in Belgorod (1949; architect L. Golubovsky; Stalin Prize 1950);
- Monument-bust of three times Hero of the Soviet Union I.N. Kozhedub in the village Obrazheevka Sumy region. Ukrainian SSR (1949; arch. Golubovsky L.G.);
- Monuments to V.I. Lenin in the Dzhambul of the Kazakh SSR (1959; architect Rakhmati K.)
- Monument to General I. D. Chernyakhovsky in Vilnius (erected in 1950 ; architect L. Golubovsky; dismantled in 1991 and moved to Voronezh ; inaugurated on May 9, 1993 );
- Monument to M.V. Lomonosov in front of the main building of Moscow State University on the Sparrow Hills (1954; architect L.V. Rudnev );
- Monument to V.I. Lenin in Murmansk ( 1957 ; arch. Sizikov L.V.);
- Portrait of the artist Diego Rivera (1956-1957, bronze; State Tretyakov Gallery ) [6] ;
- Portrait of the sculptor T. З. Zalkalns (1956, bronze; GRT [10] ;
- Portrait of the writer S. N. Sergeev-Tsensky (1962, sandstone, granite; Kursk Regional Art Gallery ) [6] ;
- Monument to V.I. Lenin on Sq. Liberty in Vologda (1958; arch. Golubovsky L.G.);
- Monument to V.I. Lenin on Sovetskaya Square in Saransk (1960; architect Dushkin A.N.);
- Monument-bust of twice Hero of the Soviet Union M. G. Gareev in Ufa (1967; architect Golubovsky L. G. Originally opened on June 17, 1951 in the homeland of the Hero, in the village of Ilyakshide, Ilishevsky District, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic);
- Monument to Admiral P. S. Nakhimov in Sevastopol ( 1959 ; architect A. Arefiev A.V.);
- Monument-bust to M. I. Kutuzov in front of the “Kutuzov hut” (1958; architect L. Golubovsky);
- Monument to Lena Golikov in Novgorod (1964);
- Monument-bust of Lisa Chaykina in the village. Foam of the Tver region 1944;
- Monument to V.I. Lenin in Zheleznovodsk (1966; architect A.A. Zavarzin );
- a bust of I.V. Stalin on his grave near the Kremlin wall (1970);
- Monument to Lenin , Taganrog (1970; architect A. A. Zavarzin);
- Monuments to V.I. Lenin in Berlin ( 1970 ; dismantled in 1991 );
- Bust of S. M. Budyonny on his grave near the Kremlin wall ;
- Monument to M. I. Kutuzov in Moscow ( 1973 ; sc-ry: A. A. Murzin, B. V. Edunov , A. I. Beldyushkin, A. N. Tomsky; architect L. G. Golubovsky);
- Sculptural and architectural composition on the tomb of the Unknown Soldier near the Kremlin wall (1975, Moscow );
- Monument to V.I. Lenin in Ishim (installed in 1976; identical to the monument in Zheleznovodsk);
- Monument-bust to A. N. Kosygin on the Alley of Twice Heroes in the Moscow Victory Park in Leningrad (1977; architect Golubovsky L.G.);
- Monument to N.V. Gogol on Gogolevsky Boulevard in Moscow ( 1952 ; arch. Golubovsky L.G .; standing earlier, since 1909 , at this place the monument to the sculptor N.A. Andreev was transferred to the Donskoy Monastery ; now - in the courtyard 7 at Nikitsky Boulevard, at the Gogol Memorial Center) [13] [14] .
- Bust of N.V. Gogol at the Novodevichy Cemetery (1952, architect L.G. Golubovsky) [15] [16] .
Memory
- In honor of N.V. Tomsky, a street was named in the city of Krivoy Rog of the Ukrainian SSR , in the process of decommunization was replaced by the street of Stanislav Kontkevich .
Envelope of Russia
Awards and Prizes
- Hero of Socialist Labor (12/18/1970)
- Three Orders of Lenin (10/27/1967, 12/18/1970, 12/19/1980)
- Order of the October Revolution (03/23/1976)
- Order of the Red Banner of Labor (12.29.1960)
- Lenin Prize (1972) - for a granite monument to V.I. Lenin in Berlin (1970)
- Stalin Prize of the second degree (1941) - for the monument to S. M. Kirov in Leningrad (1939)
- Stalin Prize of the first degree (1948) - for the sculptural portrait of I. D. Chernyakhovsky
- Stalin Prize of the second degree (1949) - for the sculptural portraits of A. I. Pokryshkin , P. A. Pokryshev and A. S. Smirnov
- Stalin Prize of the first degree (1950) - for the monument to I. R. Apanasenko in Belgorod , a sculptural portrait of S. M. Kirov and collective work on bas-reliefs “V. I. Lenin and I. V. Stalin - founders and leaders of the Soviet state ”
- Stalin Prize of the second degree (1952) - for the marble bust of N.V. Gogol
- USSR State Prize (1979) for creating a monument to V. I. Lenin in Tashkent
- The RSFSR State Prize named after I.E. Repin (1975) - for the monument to M.I. Kutuzov in Moscow
- Order of Karl Marx - GDR
Selected Works
| Monument to General I. D. Chernyakhovsky in Vilnius (1964 photo) | Monument to P. S. Nakhimov in Sevastopol | Statue of Lenin in Berlin |
See also
- Monuments to Stalin
- Monuments to Lenin
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Now - Starorussky district , Novgorod region , Russia .
- ↑ German National Library , Berlin State Library , Bavarian State Library , etc. Record # 136645526 // General regulatory control (GND) - 2012—2016.
- ↑ St. Petersburg Art College named after N.K. Roerich
- ↑ 1 2 Biography of N.V. Tomsky / Soviet architecture
- ↑ Sculptor Nikolai Tomsky // Vyazinin I.N. Staraya Russa in the history of Russia. - Novgorod: Cyrillic. 1994 .-- S. 266.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Popular art encyclopedia. M .: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1986
- ↑ Pages of memory. Reference memorial collection - 1941-1945: artists of the Leningrad Union of Artists who died during the Great Patriotic War and during the blockade of Leningrad / Committee on Culture of the City Hall of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg Union of Artists, Central Exhibition Hall. - SPb., 2010. ISBN 978-5-9676-0265-8
- ↑ RIA Novosti image library (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment July 26, 2012. Archived March 4, 2016.
- ↑ Sculptor Nikolai Tomsky: pages of life. - Art.Thelib.Ru
- ↑ 1 2 State Russian Museum. Soviet sculpture. New arrivals (1977-1987). Exhibition catalog. Leningrad. 1989.S. 74-76
- ↑ Russian churches. Photogallery guide.
- ↑ When did Moscow remove Stalin from the mausoleum?
- ↑ Before the 200th anniversary of N.V. Gogol, a campaign was launched to organize the next "relocation" of the Andreev monument - to the place of its initial installation; a group of Russian cultural figures led by Nobel laureate academician Vitaly Ginzburg addressed this initiative to the Speaker of the State Duma B.V. Gryzlov , network publications circulated notes on this appeal, which “were signed by 50 famous people” (including Valentin Gaft , Inna Churikova , Vasily Lanovoi , Leonid Kuravlev , Mark Zakharov , Eldar Ryazanov , Ilya Glazunov , Sergey Bezrukov , Andrey Bitov , Vladimir Voinovich , Mikhail Zhvanetsky , Mikhail Shvydkoi ). Olga Ignatyeva points out that “among those who liked Gogol Andreev were Leo Tolstoy , Vasily Rozanov , Ilya Repin , Konstantin Korovin , Valentin Serov , Mikhail Vrubel , Vasily Polenov ” Olga Ignatieva. Change Gogol to Gogol - Russian newspaper ; Julia Ignatieva. Hold Gogol! On the eve of the 200th anniversary of the great writer, his monument budged - Izvestia 5. 01. 2009 . At the same time, a number of cultural figures spoke out against such a plan. The famous art historian, restorer and public figure Savva Yamshchikov made the following arguments against this plan: the dramatic changes that took place at the site of the initial installation of the Andreev monument - the environment took on a clearly dissonant look with its style, the extreme cost of the transfer, the obvious danger of losing both monuments, a lot of unresolved issues, associated with the creative legacy of the writer (including the lack of an academic publication of a complete works so far) - Julia Shigareva. Gogol-immigrant. They want to transfer the monument to the classic to a new place - AMF No. 49, 3. 12. 2008 Minister Avdeev sees no reason in moving the monument to Gogol by sculptor Andreev in Moscow - RIA Novosti (inaccessible link) VOOPiK against the second monument to Gogol on Gogol Boulevard - RIA " News »21. 11. 2008 . The monument to the work of Andreev was criticized in 1909, many artists saw in it a tribute to the general trends of modernity, the excessive intimacy of the decision - for more details, see the article about Andreev
- ↑ N.V. Tomsky himself evaluates his work in this way: “Of all the monumental works that I have created in recent years, I consider the most unsuccessful monument to N.V. Gogol in Moscow, made by me in an extraordinary hurry for the writer's anniversary” Irina Pilishek, Vladimir Bakalyarov. Monument to Gogol: “And laughter visible to the world, and tears unknown to him” - Moscow and Muscovites
- ↑ Looting or veneration: what disappeared from Gogol's tomb . Date accessed August 23, 2018. Archived August 23, 2018.
- ↑ I will laugh with a bitter word . Date accessed August 23, 2018. Archived August 23, 2018.
Links
- Tomsky, Nikolai Vasilievich . Site " Heroes of the country ".
- Monuments constructed according to the designs of sculptors of the Russian Federation. 1945-1965. - L .: Artist of the RSFSR, 1967. - S. 5, 6, 8, 10, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 37, 40.