July revolution

The conservative government, under the leadership of the famous reactionary, Count Polignac , who replaced the moderate Cabinet of Ministers Martignac in the summer of 1829, consistently ignored the House of Representatives . Together with the social problems of the beginning of the industrialization era, this policy created acute public discontent, which even the conquest of Algeria in the spring of 1830 could not weaken.

The session of the Chambers of 1830 was opened on March 2 with a throne speech in which King Charles X threatened to resort to emergency measures if parliament would " create obstacles to his power ." Liberal Royer-Collard , as president of the chamber, became the head of the deputation, which on March 18, 1830, presented the address to the king, signed by 221 deputies, in which he expressed fear for the liberties of the French people under the Cabinet of Ministers of Polignac . Karl X responded to this political statement by postponing the session of parliament and then dissolving the Chamber of Deputies on May 16, 1830. However, oppositional liberals won the general elections of June 23 and July 19, 1830, only by strengthening their positions and gaining 274 deputy mandates.

As in the revolution in 1789, the liberal bourgeoisie , backed up this time by the ideals of Napoleon Bonaparte , united with the proto-proletarian lower strata of society, which for the first time since 1795 again had the opportunity to influence politics. One of the main instigators of the revolution was the chief editor of the Nacional newspaper, Adolf Louis Thiers , who became one of the leading French politicians in the following governments.

The immediate impetus for the July revolution was served by four government decrees ( ordinances of Polignac ) of July 25 - 26 , immediately signed by the king. According to them, the House of Representatives was dissolved, suffrage was tightened, freedom of speech was even more restricted, and the full amount of censorship was restored.

• On July 27, barricade battles broke out on the streets of Paris , in which students, workers, artisans and the petty bourgeoisie took part.
• July 28, some soldiers with arms in their hands began to side with the rebels.
• On July 29, the rebels captured the Louvre and Tuileries .
• On July 30, the French tricolor flew over the royal palace, the Chamber of Deputies proclaimed the Duke of Orleans as governor of the kingdom.
• On August 2, the king signed a renunciation in favor of his grandson .
• On August 7, the Chamber of Deputies proposed to the Duke of Orleans a crown, which he accepted on August 9 and was crowned as Louis Philip I , nicknamed "the king-citizen."
• On August 14, an updated Charter was published, which is a more liberalized version of the Charter of 1814 : with a somewhat expanded competence of parliament and better ensuring its rule, with the responsibility of the ministry, with a jury trial for the "crimes of the press". Freedom of speech was proclaimed without any restrictions, and the government was deprived of the right to restore censorship in any form.

The king still had full executive power and exercised legislative power together with a bicameral parliament; however, the right of legislative initiative now belonged not only to the king, but also to both chambers. The House of Peers, as before, was formed by the king at its own discretion. The Chamber of Deputies was still elected by the population, but the age requirement was lowered: active suffrage was valid from 25 years, passive - from 30. The property qualification was retained, but was regulated not by the Charter itself, but by special laws.

Due to the decrease in property and age qualifications, the number of voters increased 2.5 times - from 90 to 240 thousand; however, the vast majority of workers and small owners were still deprived of their right to vote. Laws prohibiting the organization of workers' unions and the holding of strikes were also not repealed.

The official flag of France again becomes the national tricolor .

Unrest of proletarian strata ^{[ clear ]} were quickly suppressed. The “Jacobins,” as ardent antimonarchists called themselves, could not prevail, since the abolition of the monarchy would have meant foreign policy complications up to the intervention of the Holy Alliance . The moderate party of the big bourgeoisie, led by Thiers and Francois Pierre Guillaume Guizot, came to power. After these events, the era of the July monarchy began , which is considered the golden age of the French bourgeoisie. .

The July revolution had an impact on the whole of Europe . Liberal movements everywhere gained confidence and determination. In some states of the German Union , unrest began, resulting in amendments or reissues of existing constitutions. Unrest began in some Italian states , including in the Papal States . However, the July Revolution produced the greatest effect on the territory of Poland , that part of it that became part of the Russian Empire , causing the 1830 uprising .

The consequences were in the immediate neighborhood of France. The southern Netherlands rebelled against the domination of the north and declared themselves an independent kingdom of Belgium . Despite the monarchical status, the constitution adopted by Belgium is considered one of the most progressive constitutions of Europe at that time. The final borders of Belgium were determined after some military operations in 1839.

In the long run, the July Revolution strengthened liberal and democratic aspirations throughout Europe. As King Louis-Philippe increasingly moved away from his liberal origins and began to join the Holy Alliance, this led in 1848 to a new bourgeois-liberal revolution in France, the so-called February Revolution , which resulted in the Second French Republic . Like the July Revolution, it also led to uprisings and attempted coups throughout Europe.

• Freedom Leading the People ( fr. La Liberté guidant le peuple ) - painting by French artist Eugene Delacroix .
• “ Vidocq ” is a French feature film, which takes place against the backdrop of the July Revolution.
• "The Miserables " is the work of the French writer Victor Hugo , where the events of the July revolution of 1830 are widely described.
• Leo ( fr. Le Lion ) - a poem by Auguste Barbier in the translation of Konstantin Babikov

in Russian

• Anikeev V.Ye. History of the French press (1830-1945). - M .: Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University , 1999. - 55 p. - ISBN 5-7776-0010-7
• Vodovozov V.V. The Revolution of 1830 // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Milchin V.A. Paris in 1814-1848: everyday life. - M .: New Literary Review , 2014. - 975 p. - ISBN 978-5-4448-0068-3
• Milk A. I. Ordinances July 25, 1830 and their preparation. // Questions of history , 1946, № 7. - p. 75-95.
• The July Revolution of 1830 / P. P. Cherkasov // Iceland - Office Supplies [Electronic resource]. - 2008. - P. 258. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 tons.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004–2017, Vol. 12). - ISBN 978-5-85270-343-9 .

in other languages

• Courson J.-L. de. 1830: la révolution tricolore. P., 1965;
• Pinkney DH The French Revolution of 1830. Princeton, 1972;
• Backouche I. La monarchie parlementaire, 1815–1848: de Louis XVIII and Louis-Philippe. P., 2000;
• Waresquiel E. de, Yvert B. Histoire de la Restauration (1814–1830). P., 2002.