Polyakov, Mikhail Vladimirovich

He was born on December 20, 1883 in the Jewish colony of Mezhirich, Alexandria county of Yekaterinoslav province in a peasant family. 1901-1905 studied at a heder (Jewish elementary school). In the period 1905-1908 studied in a four-year Russian public school. 1910-1914 took an external course at the gymnasium of Mariupol . In November 1914 he was drafted into the tsarist army. He served in the Chernoyarsk regiment. From June 1915 to August 1918 he was held captive in Hungary, where he worked in a disinfection bath in Kashau at a starch factory, and then over two years in a prison camp in Dunasarbageli, in the camp office. It was his stay in captivity that prompted M.V. Polyakov to further studies in chemistry. After captivity, he worked as a teacher in the school of his native colony.

Since March 1920 - student of the chemical department of the faculty of professional education of the Ekaterinoslav Institute of Public Education. In the period from 1923 to 1927 - graduate student of L. V. Pisarzhevsky at the Department of Electronic Chemistry of the Ekaterinoslav Mining Institute. He completed an internship in the laboratories of academicians V. N. Ipatiev, N. N. Semenov and Professor D. S. Rozhdestvensky. In 1928 he defended his post-graduate work on the topic "Transition reactions of electrons in the solid state . " In the period 1928-1931 - Senior researcher at the Institute of Physical Chemistry and at the same time associate professor of the Yekaterinoslav Mining Institute. From 1931 to 1965 - Head of the department of explosive (since 1946 - chain) reactions of the Institute of Physical Chemistry. In the period 1931-1941. - Head of the Department of General Chemistry at the Mining Institute.

In 1942 he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Experimental substantiation of the theory of heterogeneous homogeneous catalysis . "

In the period 1944-1946 - Deputy Director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry for Scientific Work. Since 1944 - Head of the Department at the Kiev Technological Institute of Food Industry named after A.I. Mikoyan. In 1945, M.V. Polyakov was awarded the title of professor.

Created and developed the scientific direction of heterogeneous homogeneous catalysis. It was with heterogeneous-homogeneous catalysis, mainly gas-phase, that his scientific interests were mainly associated.

He proposed a mechanism of heterogeneous homogeneous catalysis. In accordance with this mechanism, on the catalyst, when it interacts with reagents, the nucleation of active particles — radicals or atoms — takes place, which pass into the volume of the gas or liquid phases and initiate a radical chain process in it. The mechanism he proposed was experimentally proven by a number of studies on the oxidation of hydrogen and hydrocarbons by oxygen.

His work on the study of combustion and explosion mechanisms made a significant contribution to the development and confirmation of the theory of chain reactions and laid the foundations for the further development of the theory of combustion and explosions. Work in the field of adsorption and adsorbents in Ukraine was started under his leadership at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in the 30s. In particular, he first put forward the idea of ​​forming gels with specific adsorption properties with respect to substances in the presence of which gelation occurred. The effect of a specific modification of sorbents and catalysts is called the “application” effect or the “memory” effect.

In line with the ideas of M.V. Polyakov, matrix synthesis of highly specific dispersed silicas intended for the isolation, separation, and purification of closely related substances ( molecular imprinting polymers , MIPs) were theoretically justified and developed. Effective methods for the synthesis of amino-silica gels capable of selectively absorbing acidic compounds from a dry and moist atmosphere are proposed.

Among his students are about twenty candidates and two doctors chem. sciences. This is one of the founders of the adsorption direction in Ukraine - I.E. Neymark, the founder and first head of the Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry of Uzhgorod National University P.M. Stadnik. as well as candidates of sciences T. P. Kornienko, Y. V. Zhigailo, V. V. Shalya, M. A. Piontkovskaya and many others. Under the leadership of M.V. Polyakova, V.V. Strelko began his scientific career - now an academician of the NAS of Ukraine, deputy academician-secretary of the chemistry department of the NASU, director and founder of the Institute of Sorption and Problems of Endoecology.

Scientific research of M.V. Polyakov is covered in more than 200 scientific papers.

• Das Kontaktaktivieren des Wasserstoffs dusch Metalle // Naturwissenschaften. - 1927. - Iss. 26. - S. 539-540.
• Aktivuvannya vodnya in contact with paladіm // Visti Ukr. n.d. ін-ту фіз. hіmії. - 1929. - T. 2. - S. 55 - 67.
• Adsorption properties of silica gel and its structure // Zh. physical chemistry. - 1931. - T. 2, no. 6. - S. 799-805.
• To the question of the possibility of transition of a catalytic reaction from a surface to a volume // Zh. physical chemistry. - 1932. - T. 3, no. 2/3. - S. 201-203.
• The study of heterogeneous homogeneous catalysis of Н2О2 in the presence of platinum / M.V. Polyakov, P.M. Stadnik // Zh. physical chemistry. - 1933. - T. 4, no. 4. - S. 449-453.
• To the question of the explosion mechanism Н2 + О2 // Journal of Phys. chemistry. - 1934. - T. 5., issue. 7. - S. 958-965.

On induced nitrogen oxidation // Dokl. USSR Academy of Sciences. - 1935. - T. 4, no. 1/2. - S. 33 - 34.

• Heterogeneous homogeneous catalysis С2Н4 + О2 / M.V. Polyakov, F.M. Weinstein // Zh. physical chemistry. - 1936. - T. 8, no. 4. - S. 576-583.
• On the nature of the ignition peninsula of an explosive mixture / M.V. Polyakov, I.E. Neymark // Zh. physical chemistry. - 1938. - T. 11, no. 4. - S. 555-568.
• Kinetics of slow combustion of methane at low pressures / MV Poljakov, JE Neumark // Acta Physicochimica URSS. - 1938. - Vol. 9. - Iss. 1 .-- P. 188-196.
• The kinetics of the slow oxidation of hydrogen / EY Neumark, LP Kuleshina, MV Poljakov // Acta Physicochimica URSS. - 1938. - Vol. 9. - Iss. 5. - P. 733-740.
• An immersed capillarymeter is a new form of instrument for measuring the surface tension of liquids in a confined space // Zh. physical chemistry. - 1940. - T. 14, no. 1 .-- S. 137-138.
• To the question of the mechanism of the explosion of combustible mixtures / M.V. Polyakov L.A. Kostyuchenko, D.S. Nosenko // Zh. physical chemistry. - 1944. - T. 14, no. 3. - S. 115-120.
• Heterogeneous homogeneous reactions // Advances in Chemistry. - 1948. - T. 17, no. 3. - S. 351-369.
• Kinetics of the joint polymerization of vinyl acetate and methyl methacrylate / M.V. Polyakov, T.P. Kornienko // Dokl. USSR Academy of Sciences. - 1948. - T. 63, no. 4. - S. 407–409.
• To the question of the mechanism of “soft” catalysis / V.V. Chali, M. A. Piontkovskaya, M. V. Polyakov // Dokl. USSR Academy of Sciences. - 1950 .-- T. 74, no. 6. - S. 1113-1115.
• Investigation of the catalytic oxidation of ammonia / M.V. Polyakov, V.I. Urizko, N.P. Galenko // Zh. physical chemistry. - 1951. - T. 25, no. 12. - S. 1460-1468.
• Preliminary kinetics of oxidation of methane to formaldehyde / V. І. Urizko, M.V. Polyakov // Add. AN URSR. - 1953. - Issue. 6- S. 397-399.
• On the effect of the V2O5 - SnO2` catalyst on the kinetics of the reaction and the composition of the incomplete oxidation of propane-butane / M.V. Polyakov, P. A. Shoikhet // Dokl. USSR Academy of Sciences. - 1953. - T. 89, no. 6. - S. 1057-1060.
• To the question of the mechanism of incomplete catalytic oxidation of ethylene / M. A. Trotsenko, M. V. Polyakov // Dokl. USSR Academy of Sciences. - 1954. - T. 96, no. 1 .-- S. 115-117.
• Studying the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde in the presence of a silver contact / T.P. Kornienko, M.V. Polyakov // Ukrain. Chem. journal - 1958. - T. 24, no. 3. - S. 312-319.
• Changes in the porous structure of silica gel under the influence of vaporous formers / Z. Z. Vysotsky, M. V. Polyakov // Dokl. USSR Academy of Sciences. - 1959. - T. 129, no. 4. - S. 831-834.
• The effect of dissolved formers on the formation of specific adsorption properties of silica gel / Z. Z. Vysotsky, L. F. Divnich, M. V. Polyakov // Dokl. USSR Academy of Sciences. - 1961. - T. 139, no. 6. - S. 1400-1402.
• Radiation polymerization of styrene in the presence of solid additives / Yu. N. Polishchuk, T. P. Kornienko, M. V. Polyakov // Fifth Ukrainian Republican Conference on Physical Chemistry: ref. doc. - K.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, 1962 .-- S. 125.
• A.S. 191113 USSR, IPC 6 ° C 09 ° C 3/10. Methods of grafting polymer chains to the surface of silica gel / Yu. N. Polishchuk, F. A. Yampolskaya, M. V. Polyakov, Z. Z. Vysotsky (USSR). - No. 941051 / 23-5; application 05. 02. 65; publ. 14. 01. 67, Bull. Number 3.

• Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1945).
• Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" (1945).
• Order of Lenin (1954).

• Mikhail Vladimirovich Polyakov. Bibliography (P. E. Strizhak, N. V. Vlasenko, T. A. Solopichenko), Series: Bibliography of leading scientists of the Institute of Physical Chemistry named after L. V. Pisarzhevskogo National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, - Kyiv: Institute of Physical Chemistry. L.V. Pisarzhevsky NAS of Ukraine, 2015 - 66 p. s іl.
• Institute of Physical Sciences. L.V. Pisarzhevsky National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1927-2007. 80 Rocks (edited by V.D. Pokhodenka) - Kyiv: Institute of Physical Chemistry. L.V. Pisarzhevsky NAS of Ukraine, 2007—333 p. s іl.
• Kinetics and mechanism of heterogeneous-catalytic reactions // 75 rockets of systematic reach in galaxy kinetics and mechanics of heterogeneous-catalytic reactions at Institute of Physical Chemistry. L. V. Pisarzhevsky National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Yu.I. Pyatnitsky, S. M. Orlik) - Kyiv: Institute of Physical Chemistry. L.V. Pisarzhevsky NAS of Ukraine, 2009 - 46 p. s іl.