The Avars raid on Georgia in 1785 - the campaign of the Avar Nutsal [to 1] Ummah Khan V , which resulted in the ruin of the Georgian Kartli-Kakheti and Imereti kingdoms , as well as the Armenian region of Lori . The largest raid committed against Georgia [5] .
| Avars raid on Georgia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 Riding Back | |||
| date | September - November 1785 | ||
| A place | Kartli , Kakheti and Imereti (modern Georgia ); Lori (modern Armenia ) | ||
| Cause | predatory raid | ||
| Total | the ruin of Georgia and the Armenian Lori; Georgian king pledged to pay annual tribute to Avar Khanate | ||
| Opponents | |||
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| Commanders | |||
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| Forces of the parties | |||
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Content
History
Since the 16th century, the mountain people of Dagestan have undertaken numerous predatory raids towards Georgia [6] . The raids were especially frequent with the coming to power of the Avar Ummah Khan, who, in addition to the Georgians , forced himself to pay tribute to the Derbent , Cuban , Baku , Shirvan , Sheki khans and the Akhaltsikhe Pasha , with the only condition that he would not cause more harm to their possessions [7] , he was also subordinate to the Jar Republic [8] .
In the fall of 1785, on the Georgian plain, once again, “from the side of Dagestan Omar Khan and his Avars were approaching” [9] . According to Russian sources, the Ummah Khan appeared on Alazani on September 16 [3] . Georgian king Heraclius II, gathered his own army against him, called on Ossetians and Ingush [1] . A Russian detachment under the command of Stepan Burnashev arrived to help the Georgians [10] .
The Ummah Khan crossed the Karayaz steppe with a forced march and took the fortress of Agja-kala to Borchalo . In this battle, the Georgian side lost 640 people killed, 860 were taken prisoner. Then the Avars ravaged the Akhtal mines and smelters, after which they moved towards Lori and ravaged the region. In late October and early November, the Ummah Khan raided Upper Imereti, captured and devastated the Vakhan fortress there [11] . In the fortress “there were both sexes with up to 700 souls. All men are put to death, except for the princes [k 2] , and the buildings in the castle are turned to ashes. ” Then the Ummah Khan moved to Akhaltsikhe and there, "settled down in the winter hut."
The stay of the Avar army in Akhaltsikhe worried Heraclius II, who could not feel safe [2] . At this time, the Ummah Khan began to prepare a new campaign from Akhalkalaki to the Tskhinvali Gorge [13] . However, upon learning of the upcoming campaign, Heraclius II requested peace from the Avar Khan. “Heraclius II, who did not have sufficient forces in those conditions to repel the enemy, was then forced to accept the humiliating condition of peace with Omar Khan - to become his tributary” [14] , with the obligation to pay 10 thousand rubles annually in silver and redeem prisoners for 50 rubles per person [15] [10] .
In April 1786, the Ummah Khan through the Yerevan Khanate , went to Karabakh , to his ally Ibrahim Khan [16] . From there, through Georgia and Azerbaijan , Ummah Khan returned to his homeland in Avaria , plundered the Ganja Khanate along the way and took indemnity from it in the amount of 5 thousand rubles [17] [18] .
See also
- Lekianoba
- Avar raids
- Dzharsky campaign of General Gulyakov
Notes
- Comments
- ↑ Nutsal - the title of the khans of the Accident [4] .
- ↑ We are talking about the Imereti princes Abashidze , who owned the fortress. All princes were captured. Among them were two daughters of Prince Eugene Abashidze. Umma Khan presented one of them to Ibrahim Khan of Karabakh , whom he married. She then gave birth to a Karabakh khan, a son and a daughter. The Avar Khan kept the other princess Abashidze. Subsequently, she became his wife [12] .
- Sources
- ↑ 1 2 G. D. Togoshvili, I.N. Tskhovrebov. The history of Ossetia in documents and materials (from ancient times to the end of the XVIII century) . Introduction, 1962.
- ↑ 1 2 P.G. Budkov. Materials for the new history of the Caucasus in 1722-1803 St. Petersburg, 1869, part II.
- ↑ 1 2 N.F. Dubrovin. The history of war and Russian rule in the Caucasus. St. Petersburg, 1871, vol. II. C. 140-141.
- ↑ S. M. Bronevsky. A historical extract about the relations of Russia with Persia, Georgia, and generally with the mountain peoples who have been living in the Caucasus since the time of Ivan Vasilievich to this day . RAS. Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg. 1996.
- ↑ History of Georgia . Georgia for all: a guide to Georgia.
- ↑ T. Botsvadze. From the history of Georgian-Dagestan relations of the XV-XVIII centuries., Tb., 1968.
- ↑ A.A. Neverovsky. A brief historical view of northern and central Dagestan before the destruction of the influence of the Lezghins in Transcaucasia . SPb. 1848
- ↑ M. G. Magomedov . History of the Avars . Makhachkala: DGU, 2005.
- ↑ Historical outline of the Caucasian wars from the beginning to the annexation of Georgia. Tiflis, 1899.
- ↑ 1 2 Georgia // Sytin Military Encyclopedia : In 18 volumes. Ed. V.F. Novitsky et al. - St. Petersburg: T-I.D. Sytin, 1911-1915.
- ↑ N.A. Berdzenishvili, V.D. Dondua, M.K. Dumbadze, G.A. Melikishvili, Sh. A. Meskhia. History of Georgia . State publishing house of educational and pedagogical literature. Tbilisi, 1962.
- ↑ Farid Aisar. Ummah Khan Avar and Nagorno-Karabakh // "Present", No. 2, January 2010
- ↑ S. S. Kakabadze. Georgian documents of the Institute of Asian Peoples of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. M., 1967.S. 226.
- ↑ D. L. Vateishvili. Georgia and European countries: Essays on the history of relationships. XIII — XIX centuries Volume III: Georgia and Russia. XVIII — XIX centuries. Prince 1, p. 109.
- ↑ W.A. Potto. The Caucasian War : in 5 volumes. T. 1. SPb .: Type. E. Evdokimova, 1877, ISBN 978-5-9524-3151-5
- ↑ A. I. Bregvadze. Nice page of history: Voluntary accession of Georgia to Russia and its socio-economic consequences . - M.: Thought, 1983.
- ↑ M.M. Gasanaliev. Relations between Russia and the Avar Khanate in 1774-1801 // Questions of history. - 2012. No. 5.
- ↑ A.K. Bakikhanov. Gulistan-i Iram. Baku, 1991.S. 185-186.
Literature
- The Caucasian Wars // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- V.A. Potto. The Caucasian War : in 5 volumes. T. 1. SPb .: Type. E. Evdokimova, 1877, ISBN 978-5-9524-3151-5