Destroyer-type destroyers of the Farragut type are the type of destroyers of the US Navy. The first American destroyers developed after the First World War. Limiting the standard displacement to 1500 dl. tons were met in accordance with the provisions of the London Treaty of 1930. The ships were laid in early 1932, and construction was completed by 1935, 12 years after the commissioning of the last destroyer of the previous type.
| Destroyer type destroyers "Farragut" | |
|---|---|
 Lead ship type | |
| Project | |
| A country |
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| Operators |
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| Years built | 1934 |
| Main characteristics | |
| Displacement | 1365 dl. tons (standard declared) 1500 dl. tons (standard actual) [1] 2100 long tons (full) |
| Length | 104.0 m |
| Width | 10.44 m |
| Draft | 5.18 m |
| Engines | 2 Parsons steam turbines , 4 Yarrow boilers |
| Power | 42 800 l. with. (31 900 KW ) |
| Mover | 2 screws |
| Travel speed | 36.5 knots (full) |
| Navigation range | Fuel stock 600 tons of oil 5980 miles (12 knots) |
| Crew | 160 |
| Armament | |
| Artillery | 5 × 1 - 127 mm / 38 AU |
| Flak | 4 × 1 - 12.7-mm machine gun |
| Anti-submarine weapons | 2 BS, 14 GB (in overload) |
| Mine-torpedo armament | 2 four-tube 533 mm TA |
 Wikimedia Commons | |
These ships were larger than their predecessors, faster, and they had only two TA, instead of four in the previous types. The type was the first of the six types of so-called “1500-ton destroyers” built in the 1930s. All eight Farraguts took an active part in the fighting during the Second World War . After numerous additional improvements, the 1500-tonne ones were replaced by the “ 1620-tonne type ”, during the construction of which the contractual restrictions did not apply.
Content
Design and construction history
At the end of World War I and shortly after it ended, with the construction of a large number of destroyers, the development line for ships of this class in the US Navy was interrupted for twelve years. All the money allocated to the fleet, went to the construction of aircraft carriers, heavy cruisers and upgrading battleships. The reluctance of the American Congress to spend money on "unrepresentative" ships led to the fact that by the beginning of the 1930s the "smooth deckers" forming the basis of the light forces of the fleet did not meet modern requirements.
In the first half of 1928, the General Council identified the main characteristics of the destroyer of a new generation: four 127-mm / 51 main-caliber guns, an 76-mm anti-aircraft gun, 12 torpedo tubes, increased dimensions (to improve seaworthiness and navigation range). The possibility of using a power plant with increased steam parameters was considered. Supporters of the installation on destroyers of universal artillery, insisted on the replacement of non-universal 127-mm / 51 guns 127-mm / 25 anti-aircraft guns with their corresponding fire control system. Such a replacement was substantiated by the fact that the shooting of destroyers over long distances is unlikely to be effective due to its instability as an artillery platform, and at short distances short-barreled anti-aircraft 127-mm / 25 guns are not inferior to long-barreled 127-mm / 51. To work on the project of the future "Farragut" returned in early 1930. By the end of the year, several projects were prepared with a standard displacement from 1,350 to 1,850 tons. The 127-mm / 25 anti-aircraft guns were planned as the GK artillery, but soon they were abandoned - by this time, a new 127-mm / 38 universal gun, far surpassing a short-barreled 127 mm / 25 cannon, followed by a logical decision to re-equip them with ships. At the same time, instead of the three TAs that were built, they installed two quad.
Construction
The final draft of the new destroyer was ready in March 1931. In it, there was a complete departure from the ideas embodied in the "smooth-toothed": all the weapons were located in the center plane, the hull became more traditional half-bubble. A longitudinal body kit and extensive use of welding instead of riveting were used. In order to save weight, only two nasal guns had shields, the rest of the guns stood openly. Light anti-aircraft armament consisted of four 12.7-mm machine guns , and anti-submarine weapons - with the installation of GUS and two bomb spreaders (in wartime, the installation of additional BMB was planned, for which the deck was strengthened).
Armament
They were the first American destroyers with a universal main caliber. They received five 127 mm / 38 guns Mark 12, in the deck installations on the central pin Mark 21 with manual charging [2] (the stated ammunition load was 500 shots or 100 shells per barrel) [1] and with a manual horizontal drive, which caused a low horizontal pickup speed of only 5 ° / s and low practical rate of fire - 5-8 shots per minute [3] . Displacement artificially underestimated nominally reducing ammunition. For example, in 1944, being a four-gun, USS Aylwin (DD-355) carried 1,000 shells in the cellars and 50 shells on the cannon in fenders of the first shots [4] . The USS Farragut (DD-348) was the first ship to receive these weapons. Two nasal installations were protected by box-shaped shields. The average installation and two feed (numbers 54 and 55) were open. An important feature was the Mark 33 fire control system, which coordinated the firing of 5-inch guns [5] . Nominally, being universal, they were not very suitable for anti-aircraft fire due to low rate of fire and aiming speed. By the end of 1942, the radio projectile fuses and electric drive made the guns much more effective against aircraft. For the third installation were two four-tube 533-mm torpedo tubes, one behind the other. Four single-barreled large-caliber 12.7 mm machine gun M2 Browning supplemented the anti-aircraft armament. The type was originally equipped with Mark 12 torpedoes, which were replaced by Mark 15, beginning in 1938. Bomber dumpers were aft. The Mk 12 torpedoes have been in service since 1928 and had a range of 7,000 yards (6,400 meters) with 44 knots and 15,000 yards (13,711 meters) with 27 knots. The warhead contained 500 pounds (227 kg) of trinitrotoluene. The Mk 15 Mod 0 torpedoes have been in service since 1936 and had a range of 6000 yards (5500 m) with 45 knots, 10 000 yards (9150 m) with 33.5 knots and 15 000 yards (13 711 m) with 26.5 knots . The warhead contained 494 pounds (224 kg) of trinitrotoluene [6] [7] .
Power Plant
Main power plant
The main power plant was nothing revolutionary and included four Yarrow boilers with steam superheaters , four Parsons steam turbines and two single-stage gearboxes . The chimneys of the boilers went out in pairs into two chimneys. Turbo-gear units (MAL), consisted of low-pressure (TND) and high-pressure (TVD) turbines and had revolutions (at rated power): 3460 rpm on the shaft of the high-pressure turbine, 2320 rpm on the shaft of the low-pressure turbine [8] , at the same time screws rotated with a frequency of 392 revolutions per minute. The location of the power plant is linear. The boilers were placed in isolated compartments, the turbines - in the general engine room , and were separated from the boilers by a watertight bulkhead.
The operating vapor pressure is 400 psi (27.2 atm. ), The temperature is 342 ° C (648 ° F) [1] .
Cruising range and speed
The design capacity was 42,800 liters. with. , the design range of 6000 at 12 knots with a fuel capacity of 600 dl. tons (the power plant differed low efficiency, so the British type D had a range of 6350 miles on the go 12 knots with a fuel reserve of 470-480 dl. tons [9] ).
Service
| Name and tail number | builder | laid down | launched | entered into the side | fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USS Farragut (DD-348) | Fore River Shipbuilding | September 20, 1932 | March 15, 1934 | June 18, 1934 | dismantled in 1947 |
| USS Dewey (DD-349) | Bath Iron Works | December 16, 1932 | July 28, 1934 | October 4, 1934 | dismantled in 1946 |
| USS Hull (DD-350) | Brooklyn navy yard | March 7, 1933 | January 21, 1934 | January 11, 1935 | sank during typhoon cobra on December 17, 1944 |
| USS Macdonough (DD-351) | Boston navy yard | May 15, 1933 | August 22, 1934 | March 15, 1935 | dismantled in 1946 |
| USS Worden (DD-352) | Puget Sound Navy Yard | December 29, 1932 | October 27, 1934 | January 15, 1935 | crashed on the rocks at about. Amchitka, January 12, 1943 |
| USS Dale (DD-353) | Brooklyn navy yard | February 10, 1934 | January 23, 1935 | June 17, 1935 | dismantled in 1946 |
| USS Monaghan (DD-354) | Boston navy yard | November 21, 1933 | January 9, 1935 | April 19, 1935 | died during a typhoon at about. Luzon December 17, 1944 |
| USS Aylwin (DD-355) | Philadelphia navy yard | September 23, 1933 | July 10, 1934 | March 1, 1935 | dismantled in 1946 |
Evaluation
Quite average destroyers, but given the twelve-year break, it should be recognized that the first pancake did not come out lumpy. The first universal units did not differ in speed of guidance from similar Japanese , the rate of fire was below the level of British and German guns, but it was a step in the right direction. Torpedo armament at the time of commissioning was archaic, significantly inferior to fiumovsky torpedoes: widespread in the world. The parameters of the power plant are consistent with those adopted in the French and Italian fleets. The series came out so expensive that it was called “golden” in the fleet [10] . In addition, having solved the problem of a universal main caliber, the American designers could not provide the destroyers with effective short-range air defense. Disadvantages of the project were taken into account when designing new destroyers.
The Farragut surpassed the Hatsuharu (125 kg vs. 115 kg) and the British Type D (125 vs. 92) in mass, but due to manual loading and the lack of dosylatel, in terms of the mass of shells of the main caliber (750 kg) ) "Farragut" corresponded to the English (736 kg), surpassed the Japanese destroyer "Hatsuharu" (690 kg) and inferior to "Fubuki" (831 kg). Since the guns of Japanese destroyers could also conduct anti-aircraft fire, the advantage was the type of "Fubuki". The Americans also differed bad torpedoes. Another drawback of US destroyers was the small number of depth charges, taken to the same overload.
| Comparative TTH destroyers beginning of the 30s | |||||||||
| Type of | type D [11] [9] | type "Farragut" | type "Maestrale" | Hatsuharu type [12] | project 1 [13] | " Type 1934 " [14] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Built units | 12 | eight | four | 6 | 3 | 6 | |||
| Year bookmark | 1931 | 1932 | 1931 | 1931 | 1932 | 1934 | |||
| Dimensions L × W × O, m | 100.28 × 10.0 × 3.78 | 104.0 × 10.44 × 5.18 | 106.7 × 10.2 × 3.58 | 107.2 × 10.0 × 3.43 | 127.5 × 11.7 × 4.13 | 123 × 11.8 × 4.3 | |||
| Displacement, tons | 1375/1920 | 1411/2095 | 1615/2207 | 1530/1981 | 2150/3080 | 2411/3415 | |||
| Artillery GK | 120 mm / 45 - 4 × 1 | 127 mm / 38 - 5 × 1 | 120mm / 50 - 2 × 2 | 127 mm / 50 - 2 × 2.1 × 1 | 130 mm / 50 - 5 × 1 | 127 mm / 45 - 5 × 1 | |||
| Flak | 76 mm - 1 × 1 40 mm / 40 - 2 × 1 | 12.7 mm - 4 × 1 | 40 mm / 40 - 2 × 1, 13.2 mm - 2 × 2 | 40 mm / 40 - 2 × 1 | 76 mm - 2 × 1, 45 mm - 2 × 1, 12.7 mm - 4 × 1 | 37 mm - 2 × 2, 20 mm - 6 × 1 | |||
| Torpedo armament | 2 × 4 - 533 mm | 2 × 4 - 533 mm | 2 × 3 - 533 mm | 3 × 3 - 610 mm | 2 × 4 - 533 mm | 2 × 4 - 533 mm | |||
| Anti-submarine weapons | GL “Asdik”, 20 GB | GL "QC", 2 BS , | 2 BMB , 10 GB | 18 GB | 30 GB | 18 GB | |||
| Power plant power l. with. pressure, steam temperature kgf / cm², ° C | 36,000 , 21, 327 | 42,800 , 27.6, 342 | 44,000 27, 350 | 42,000 20.4, 300 | 66,000 22.6, 335 | 70,000 70, 460 | |||
| Maximum speed, knots | 36 | 36.5 | 38 | 36 | 40 | 38 | |||
| Navigation range, nautical miles | 4000 at 20 knots 5870 at 15 knots 6350 at 12 knots | 5980 at 12 knots | 4000 at 12 knots | 4000 at 18 knots | 2100 at 20 knots | 1900 at 19 knots | |||
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 US Destroyers, 2004 , p. 403.
- ↑ On the armament of the destroyers, twin artillery units of the main caliber were available only in the Japanese and Italian fleets. However, these installations had their drawbacks. These included difficulties in the implementation of the maximum possible rate of fire, as it was required to provide a double flow of ammunition
- ↑ 5 ″ / 38 Mark 12 on the Naval Weapons website
- ↑ Weapons , p. 126.
- Gold Goldplater destroyers at Destroyer History Foundation
- ↑ The British Mp.IX torpedoes that had been in service since 1939 had a range of 11,000 yards with 41 knots and 15,000 yards with 35 knots. The warhead contained 727 pounds (330 kg) of trinitrotoluene
- ↑ United States of America Torpedoes of World War II
- ↑ US Destroyers, 2004 , p. 88
- ↑ 1 2 From Earliest Days, 2009 , p. 353.
- ↑ Goldplaters, 1500-ton destroyers and 1850-ton destroyer leaders
- ↑ Fleets of the Second World War, 2009 , p. 46.
- ↑ Patyanin, 1998 .
- ↑ Kachur, 2008 , p. 32–38.
- ↑ Patyanin S. V., Morozov M. E. German destroyers of the Second World War. Demons of sea battles.
Links
Literature
- N. Friedman. US Destroyers. - Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004. - 489 p. - ISBN 978-1-55750-442-5 .
- A. V. Dashyan, S. V. Patyanin, and others. The Second World War fleets. - M .: Collection, Yauza, EKSMO, 2009. - 608 p. - 2500 copies - ISBN 978-5-699-33872-6 .
- Kachur P. I. “Hounds of Dogs” of the Red Fleet. "Tashkent", "Baku", "Leningrad". - Moscow: Yauza, Collection, Eksmo, 2008. - 144 p. - ISBN 978-5-699-31614-4 .
- S.V. Patyanin. The destroyers and destroyers of Japan in 1879-1945 .. - SPb. , 1998. - 140 p.
- Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922-1946. - London: Conway Maritime Press, 1980. - 456 p. - ISBN 0-85177-146-7 .
- Norman Friedman. The World War II. - Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2009. - ISBN 978-1-59114-081-8 .
- Campbell J. Naval weapons of World War Two. - Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985. - P. 403. - ISBN 0-87021-459-4 .
- P. Hodges, N. Friedman. Destroyer Weapons of WW2. - UK: Conway Maritime Press. - 192 p. - ISBN 0-87021-929-4 .