Mireyo ( ox. Mirèio (in Mistral's spelling); Mirèlha (in classical spelling) - a rural poem by Frederick Mistral , published in 1859 in Avignon by Joseph Roumanil .
| Mirejo | |
|---|---|
| Mirèio | |
 Title page of the first edition | |
| Genre | Poem |
| Author | Frederick Mistral |
| Original language | Provencal |
| Date of writing | |
| Date of first publication | 1859 |
| Publisher | |
Content
Story
The plot of the poem, consisting of 12 songs, is the love of the young basket weaver Vincen ( Vincèn ) and the beautiful Mireille, the daughter of a rich farmer, who breaks out against the idyllic landscapes of the spring Le Baux de Provence during the season of mulberry growing and collecting silkworm cocoons, and tragically ends on the seashore at the Notre-Dame-de-la-Mer temple in Sainte-Marie-de-la-Mer .
The text of the poem woven medieval legends and folk traditions of the Lower Provence - Valley Cros and Durance , the Camargue , Arles and Tarascon , remnants of pagan demonology descriptions of rituals witch Tawau and the death of the villain Urriasa on the bridge over the Rhone at Trenketaya combined with Catholic piety story of the Saints Marys Marine ( Maria Kleopova and Maria Salome ), Black Sarah and the Baptists of Provence.
Version and Style
The poem is written by a special “Mireille stanza” - seven-singers in which octosyllabs with female rhymes alternate with alexandrins with male ( ffmfffm ), with rhyming aabcccb [1] .
| Mistral . Cant proumié. Lou mas di falabrego | Translation by N. P. Konchalovsky |
|---|---|
Cante uno chato de Prouvènço. | I am a daughter of Provence singing |
Mistral claimed to be the inventor of this stanza, but Emile Riper in his study showed that it is a combination of the stanzas of several Provencal poets of the 1830s-1850s, the so-called "forerunners of the felibrov " [2] .
The peculiarity of Mistral's poetry is the extraordinary musicality and sonority of the verse in conjunction with a rich and precise rhyme, which makes it difficult to translate the poetic translation (the author's translation into French, published together with the original, is very accurate, but made, according to tradition, prose) [3] .
A feature of the Mistral style is simple, sometimes even spoken language [3] , the use of which in high poetry (without reducing its level) for its time was a major achievement.
In order to make it easier for the foreign reader to read the original, Mistral provided the book with a summary of the differences between Provençal phonetics and French phonetics (Provençal vocabulary and francophone are generally understandable when compared with translation).
Reception
Published five years after the creation of a society of felibres, Mireio became the largest work of Mistral and the whole felibrige. According to Wilhelm Levik :
... the first in many decades, and perhaps centuries, a true Provençal poem, made to all who could read or hear it and at the same time understand, a great impression.
- Levik V. Preface // Mistral F. Mireille, p. 17
The great success of the poem contributed to the efforts of the felibres to revive the literary Provençal language, which once produced the first love poetry in medieval Europe. After the accession of Provence to France, in the 16th century, it was deprived of the status of a language of office work and has since declined, and the governments of revolutionary and bourgeois France, which pursued a nationalist policy (“one nation - one language”), until the middle of the 20th century, tried to eradicate numerous regional languages and dialects of their country [4] .
Mistral devoted his poem to Alphonse Lamartine (September 8, 1859) [5] :
A lamartino | Lamartina |
Delighted Lamartin answered on the pages of the “Cours familier de littérature”: “... a great epic poet was born (...) a true homeric poet, in our own time (...) Yes, your epic poem is simply a masterpiece (...) the flavor of your book will not fade and in a thousand years. "
As a landowner himself, he was fascinated by the descriptions of rural life, and advised Mistral to quit literature and devote himself to work on the land.
Put down the pen and fight for it only in winter, in rare leisure activities, while your Mireille, who, no doubt, fate will send you, will spread a white tablecloth and cut wheat bread on the table, behind which you would raise a glass with Adolf Dumas , your neighbor and predecessor. You can not create two masterpieces in one lifetime. One masterpiece you created. Thank heaven and do not stay among us, otherwise you will miss the crown of your life - happiness found in simplicity.
- Lamartine A. Cours familier de littérature. LXe entretien. 1859, p. 310
.
Impact
On the plot "Mireille" created paintings and sculptures, in 1864, Charles Gounod wrote the opera " Mireille ". The poem was translated into many European languages, it promoted the rise not only of Provençal, but also of Catalan poetry, and Mistral himself promoted its translation even into Dauphinous dialect.
In 1904, mainly for this work, Mistral was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature . In 1906, an asteroid (594) Miraille was named in honor of "Mireille". In 1933, Rene Gaveau based on the motif of the poem the film Mireille .
The French version of the name of the heroine of the poem ( Mireille ) by the beginning of the 20th century became very popular on the outskirts of France, especially in Brittany and Provence [6] .
The newspaper le Figaro , interested in its origin, received the following explanation from Mistral:
Mireille, about whom I wrote a poem, never existed. But the name, the name only existed, and during my childhood here it was pronounced, speaking of a beautiful girl: Here is Mireille, beautiful Mireille, Mireille, my love. This is the name of the forgotten heroine.
I am inclined to think that Mireille (Mireille) is the same name as Mary, derived from the Jewish Miriam and pro-vandalized by local Jews who have long been living in the country.
Thanks to the poem and the opera Gounod, the name Mireille was often used as a baptismal. They are now hundreds and hundreds!
At first, the cure and government officials refused to recognize him; now it is accepted by church and state. It is even written in the sky by a new planet, opened and baptized by Flammarion.
I have no other child besides my poem about Mireille, but I am the parent of many others who bear this name.
Mireille in Russia
Before the Revolution
The song “Magali” from the third part of the poem was translated into Russian several times, including Innokentiy Annensky ( Magali, my delight ... , 1879) and Vladimir Jabotinsky , according to which this is “a lovely song, really one of the best idylls of world literature ".
| Mistral . Cant trezen. La descoucounado | |
|---|---|
O, Magali, ma tant amado, | Oh, Magali, my consolation, |
According to the hero of the story Zhabotinsky:
The first four songs of "Mireio" are worthy of comparison with Homer or the Bible. “And he asks the major: do you remember the scene of how beautiful Mireille brings together mulberry leaves with Vincent?” Remember the get-together scene? Remember the description of the sheep herd?
- Zhabotinsky V. Gunn
Soviet criticism
In the 1920s, Fedor Sologub translated the poem, but the fate of this translation is unknown [3] . In the early Soviet times, Mistral's creativity was considered "reactionary." According to the author of the article about this writer in the Soviet Literary Encyclopedia , A. Drobinsky, “the kulak orientation of the poem is beyond doubt” [7] , although he notes that “Mireille”, and later written in the same stanza “Calendar”, differ “ exceptional musicality " [7] .
Since the Soviet government hated rural farmers and religion, the critic condemns the “apologia of large-peasant farms” found in the poem [7] , and Mireyo, despite the love of the poor man, goes against the will of his father, the imperious Ramon, amazing passage help:
... this only shows that the author is looking for support against the invasion of industrial capital in the old agrarian structure of the South in expanding and strengthening the social base of a “strong” farm economy by attracting farm laborers and small-scale handicrafts.
- Drobinsky A. MISTRAL Frederi
.
Russian translation
During the period of detente, it became possible to publish a translation by Natalia Konchalovskaya (under the French name Mireille) - the result of three years of hard work. According to the translator, her desire to open her compatriots to the great poet, translated into 1960 by the 1960s, even in Japanese, and special departments at the universities of England and Germany, prompted her to work. [8]
Russian translation is reduced by about one-sixth of the original text [9] , where it comes to details relevant to its time [10] . The translation is done according to the French word-pen, which is common practice for exotic languages (literary Provençal and currently very few people own even in Provence itself) [10] . Strict adherence to the original rhyme also had to be abandoned [9] .
Notes
- ↑ Ripert, 1918 , p. 67.
- ↑ Ripert, 1918 , p. 66–67.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Levik, 1977 , p. 17
- ↑ Levik, 1977 , p. 10-11.
- ↑ Mistral, 1906 , p. 219.
- ↑ Mireille est-il un prénom? (Article paru dans le Figaro du 6 septembre 1913)
- ↑ 1 2 3 MISTRAL Frederi
- ↑ Konchalovskaya, 1977 , p. 346.
- ↑ 1 2 Levik, 1977 , p. 23.
- ↑ 1 2 Konchalovskaya, 1977 , p. 347.
Literature
- N.P. Konchalovskaya. From the Translator // Mistral F. Mireille. - M .: Fiction, 1977.
- Levik V.V. Preface // Mistral F. Mireille. - M .: Fiction, 1977.
- Mistral F. Mes origines: mémoires et récits de Frédéric Mistral. - P .: Plon, 1906.
- Ripert E. La versification de Frédéric Mistral. - Paris — Aix-en-Provence: Champion — A. Dragon, 1918.