Nazran fortress (Nazran fortress) is a fortress of the Russian imperial army in the city of Nazran ( Ingushetia ). It is a unique monument of Russian fortification architecture of the early XIX century. The area where the fortress is located - the hill in the interfluve of Sunzha and Nazranka was strategically important and therefore at different periods of history there were fortifications, posts, fortresses.
| Fortress | |||
| Nazran Fortress | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 The fortress of Nazran. Figure 1859. | |||
| A country |  Russia | ||
| City | Nazran | ||
| First mention | 1810 year | ||
| Building | 1817 | ||
| Key dates | |||
| 1805 - built 1817 - fortified 1832 - fortified | |||
| Status |
| ||
| condition | Needs restoration | ||
The fortress is one of the most important historical and cultural sites of Ingushetia and one of the main attractions on its flat territory. Various significant events and processes are associated with it in the history of the Ingush people , and in the whole of the Caucasian region.
Content
History
Tsarist period
According to the quartermaster of the Russian army L. Shtedera, in 1781 the Ingush held a post at this place to protect their settlements located in the upper reaches of the Sunzha and Kambileevka rivers:
| Naziran is a small river that runs north-east through swamps overgrown with shrubs and reeds; it has clear water and a marshy bed, so it is impossible to cross it, except on the shallows. These difficult crossings, hills and Sunzha itself, which runs east through the wooded mountains, form here a strong narrow gorge, in which the Ingush usually hold an outpost ” [1] . |
Kabardian princes, demanding tribute from the Ingush, made another raid on the Ingush lands. In this conflict, the commander of the Caucasian line, General I.F. Medem, sided with the Ingush. He demanded that the Kabardian princes cease such actions and warned that if such actions were repeated, he would be forced to take the most severe measures. In 1810, on the proposal of the commander of Russian troops in the Caucasus A.P. Tormasov , 150 Cossacks, 200 musketeers and three guns were allocated to protect the Ingush. This detachment with the help of the local population began to build a fortification. The fortress, in addition to protecting the local population, was also supposed to protect the approaches to Vladikavkaz and the Georgian Military Highway [2] .
On October 14, 1818, the fortress was visited by A. S. Griboedov, who was traveling with a diplomatic mission to Persia [3] . The fortress was visited by Decembrist E. E. Lachinov . In 1842, the fortress was visited by the future vice-president of the Imperial Academy of Arts G. G. Gagarin , who created several sketches of the fortress [4] .
The first serious test for the fortress was the campaign of the imam of Dagestan, Gazi-Muhammad, to Vladikavkaz in March 1832. In the battle near the fortress, Ghazi-Muhammad was defeated and was forced to retreat [5] .
In April 1841, a 3-day battle took place with a large detachment led by Shamil . The latter tried to subdue the Ingush and break through to Vladikavkaz and the Georgian Military Highway. On April 6-8, the garrison, with the support of the local population, stubbornly resisted Shamil and forced him to retreat. More than 60 police officers and local residents who distinguished themselves in these battles were awarded with George Crosses , medals and officer ranks. In 1846, a new campaign of Shamil again came across stubborn resistance of the garrison and local residents and again ended in failure [6] .
In 1858, the Nazran uprising took place, one of the episodes of which was the assault on the fortress, in which 5 thousand rebels took part. The assault was repelled, the uprising was crushed, and the organizers of the uprising were executed or exiled to hard labor in Siberia [7] .
In 1868, the first two-year school in Ingushetia was opened in the fortress. In 1924, the first agricultural school in the region opened here and an agrotechnical site began to operate. Subsequently, the agricultural school became the base of the first secondary educational institution [8] .
In the late XIX - early XX centuries, the fortress began to serve as a guardhouse and place of detention for fighters against tsarism. In 1905, Ingushetia was removed from the composition of the Sunzhen Cossack department into a separate administrative unit - the Nazran District with direct subordination to the regional administration. The district administration was located in the fortress [9] .
After the Revolution
After the October Revolution, the fortress became one of the centers of the struggle for Soviet power in Ingushetia. In January 1918, a congress of the Ingush people was held in the fortress [8] . On April 15 of the same year, a congress of the working people of Ingushetia was held in the fortress, attended by 3,500 people. At the congress, it was decided to create local Soviets, to liquidate the Ingush cavalry regiment of the “Wild Division” and to restore traffic on the Beslan – Grozny – Khasavyurt railway [10] .
On September 14, 1918, a congress of the Ingush people was held in the fortress, chaired by Sergo Ordzhonikidze . Congress delegates stated that Ingushetia is part of Soviet Russia, and also expressed support for the Soviet government [11] . On October 12 of that year, in the Nazran Fortress, at the next congress, unanimous support was expressed for the Bolshevik party and the Soviet regime [12] .
On January 24, 1919, the next congress of the Ingush, also held in the fortress, decided on an armed uprising against the Volunteer Army of General Denikin . However, the resistance of the supporters of Soviet power was broken and its surviving defenders were forced to temporarily retreat to the mountainous regions [12] .
On June 22, 1919, representatives of the Ingush people gathered in the fortress to discuss the ultimatum of Denikin demanding the mobilization of the Ingush in the army of Denikin and the payment of a huge indemnity. Congress delegates strongly rejected this ultimatum. They became aware that at the Nazran railway station loading of wagons by force of mobilized Ingush was in progress. Delegates arrived at the station, killed and arrested the mobilizing officers and dismissed those mobilized to their homes [13] .
On April 4, 1920, the 15,000th congress of the Ingush people was held in the fortress, attended by Sergo Ordzhonikidze and S. M. Kirov . The congress proclaimed the restoration of Soviet power in Ingushetia [14] .
On June 19, 1920, the Nazran District Party Conference was held on the territory of the fortress, which elected the Nazran District of the RCP (B.) . On July 25, the First Congress of the Soviets of Ingushetia began in the fortress, in which the representative of the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) , Writer A. S. Serafimovich, participated. On August 27 of the same year, the first conference of the Union of Communist Youth of the Nazran District took place here, in which 25 delegates took part [15] .
On February 16, 1924, a conference of representatives of labor Ingushetia was held in the fortress, which was attended by 1,500 delegates. Presentations at the conference were made by S. Ordzhonikidze and A. I. Mikoyan [16] .
In the 1980s, the Nazran district hospital was located in the fortress [17] .
Notes
- ↑ Shteder L. Travel diary in 1781 from the border fortress of Mozdok to the interior of the Caucasus. // Atalikov V.M. Our antiquity. Nalchik, 1996.S. 192
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 55-56.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 56.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 60.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 56-57.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 57.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 58.
- ↑ 1 2 Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 61.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 58-59.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 63-64.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 64.
- ↑ 1 2 Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 65.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 68.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 69.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 70.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 71.
- ↑ Dakhikilgov, 1989 , p. 72.
Literature
- Dakhkilgov Sh. E. The word about the native land. - Gr. : Chechen-Ingush Book Publishing House, 1989. - 152 p. - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 5-7666-0023-2 .