Recreational use of psychoactive substances ( English recreational drug use or English recreational use ) is a periodic irregular or episodic use of psychoactive substances , not related to medical indications, for pleasure or other purposes [1] [2] . This use is often associated with the social activity of the individual, typical examples are the use of psychoactive substances at parties, in clubs. Separate use of non-prohibited and prohibited to use drugs can be distinguished [3] . It also highlights the term recreational drug or recreational psychoactive substance ( eng. Recreational drug )) - that is, such a drug or substance that is periodically or occasionally used for pleasure, satisfaction, including in the context of social relationships and group recreation [4 ] [5] [6] [7] .
The use of many psychoactive substances often leads to various health problems [8] [9] [10] , which are greatly aggravated by the addiction and social nature of the use of these substances [1] .
Content
History
The use of psychoactive substances has been known since ancient times . However, as a term, recreational drug use appeared only in the 60s of the 20th century due to an increase in the volume of drug use, in particular marijuana [2] . Some of the earliest scientific papers using this term refer to the early 1970s [11] [12] .
Recreational Drugs
Recreational drugs include a variety of psychoactive substances and substances, such as alcohol , nicotine , barbiturates , amphetamines , opiates , THC , PCP , cocaine , marijuana , and even caffeine in caffeinated beverages [2] [5] . In addition, there is a tendency for the emergence and widespread use of relatively new drugs in this field, such as MDMA , ephedrine , gamma-butyrolactone , 1,4-butanediol , flunitrazepam , ketamine [13] .
Harmful use of psychoactive substances
It is obvious that the use of many psychoactive substances is associated with health hazards. There are numerous studies [8] [9] [10] that confirm the harm of recreational use of psychoactive substances , including the use of new substances with incompletely studied effects [13] . The consequences of the use of various psychoactive substances can be very different, due to the different nature of these substances. The use of many of them can lead to severe physical and mental dependence , as well as various physiological disorders and diseases. For example, prolonged use of alcohol can lead to cirrhosis of the liver and diseases of the cardiovascular system, smoking tobacco contributes to the formation of malignant tumors , and also increases the risk of heart attack , the use of opiates , barbiturates , amphetamines often leads to psychosis , disorders of the liver and kidneys and other problems . A particular danger in the use of psychoactive substances is the risk of overdose .
In addition to direct harm to health, there is a link between recreational drug use and the spread of various infections , such as HIV infection [1] [14] .
Estimates of the harm of substance use for the individual and society
Harm assessments for various psychoactive substances are carried out in various ways, including: expert assessments, estimates using the exposure limit method ( Margin of Exposure (MOE) - used to assess the harm of carcinogens), and economically for some common substances. Below are graphically presented some of these ratings.
| The addiction and toxicity scale of common recreational drugs of 2006 [15] | The scale of assessment of the harm of psychoactive substances according to expert estimates. Published in the British medical journal Lancet in 2007. [16] | Hazard Scale 2010 according to English data [17] | Hazard Scale 2010 by Dutch experts: by individual harm and by social [18] | Harm Scale 19 common recreational drugs 2011 by Scottish experts [19] | Harm Scale of Chronic Recreational Drug Use 2013 by Dutch Experts [20] | Hazard Scale 2015 according to an international expert group from European Union countries [21] | The scale of harmfulness of 2015 according to the “boundary of impact” method ( English Margin of Exposure (MOE) ) - the higher the value, the safer the substance [22] |
Social issues
It is noted that recreational use of psychoactive substances is often associated with society . Consumption can occur at parties, on hikes, on holidays, in clubs or other places for group recreation. Frequencies can range from weekly or monthly to more rare, episodic use [1] . The prevalence of this phenomenon is quite high: for example, it is estimated that in the US about 9% of the population has ever tried marijuana [23] . In Russia, there have also long been problems associated with recreational use of psychoactive substances, especially alcohol. The lower limit of the age of drug use is reduced, the level of awareness of the effects of the use of various drugs is low. There is a specific narcotic subculture [24] .
Legal Issues
There is the with a list of substances according to the degree of danger. At the same time, the use of narcotic drugs is usually not prosecuted as much as the manufacture, trade, storage or transportation.
Images
Sale of marijuana in the Netherlands
Coca leaf tea
Cocaine
LSD in the form of stamps
MDMA (ecstasy) tablets
Dried mushrooms psilocybe cubensis
Alcohol (" Russian vodka ")
See also
- Psychoneurgy
- Altered state of consciousness
- Psychedelic psychotherapy
- Legalization of drugs
- The legal status of cannabis
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Frank J. Ayd. Lexicon of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurosciences, 2e . - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000. - p. 832. - 1104 p. - ISBN 0781724686 , 9780781724685 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Thomas Nordegren. The AZ Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse . - Universal-Publishers, 2002. - p. 553. - 682 p. - ISBN 158112404X , 9781581124040.
- ↑ The American Heritage. - Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007.
- ↑ 1 2 Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. - Elsiever, 2009.
- ↑ McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine .. - The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002.
- ↑ Collins Cobuild Advanced Learner's English Dictionary. New Digital Edition. - HarperCollins Publishers, 2008.
- ↑ 1 2 Evan Wood, Moira McKinnon, Robert Strang and Perry R Kendall. It is possible to improve the community . - 2012. - Vol. 6 , no. 1 . - P. e35 – e40 .
- ↑ 1 2 Kaustav Chakraborty, Rajarshi Neogi, and Debasish Basu. Club drugs: review of the case for the Indian scenario (English) // Indian J Med Res .. - 2011. - Vol. 133 , no. 6 - P. 594–604 .
- 2 1 2 Mangham C. Harm reduction and illegal drugs: the real debate (Eng.) // Can J Public Health. - 2011. - Vol. 92 , no. 3 - P. 204-5 .
- ↑ Canadian Medical News (Eng.) // Can Med Assoc J .. - 1971. - Vol. 105 , no. 6 - P. 649 .
- ↑ Daniel X. Freedman. The Social and Psychiatric Aspects of Psychotropic Drug Use (English) // To Live and To Die: When, Why, and How. - 1973. - P. 227-240 . - ISSN 978-3-642-95240-1 . - DOI : 10.1007 / 978-3-642-95238-8_19 .
- ↑ 1 2 Ricaurte GA, McCann UD. Recognition and management of new recreational drug use (English) // Lancet. - 2005. - Vol. 365 , no. 9477 . - P. 2137-45 . - PMID 15964451 .
- ↑ Ostrow DG et al. Chicago MACS / CCS cohort of homosexually active men. Chicago Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) / Coping and Change Study // J Subst Abuse. - 1993. - Vol. 5 , No. 4 . - p . 311-325 . - DOI : 10.1016 / 0899-3289 (93) 90001-R . - PMID 7910500 .
- Regulatory Acute toxicity of drugs versus regulatory status // Drugs and Society: US Public Policy (English) / Ed. by Fish JM . - Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006. - P. 149-162. - (G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series). - ISBN 9780742542457 .
- ↑ Nutt D. , King LA , Saulsbury W. , Blakemore C. Lancet (London, England). - 2007. - Vol. 369 , no. 9566 . P. 1047–53 . - ISSN 1474-547X . - DOI : 10.1016 / S0140-6736 (07) 60464-4 . - PMID 17382831 .
- ↑ Nutt DJ , King LA , Phillips LD , Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis (Eng.) // Lancet (London, England). - 2010. - Vol. 376 , no. 9752 . - P. 1558-65 . - ISSN 1474-547X . - DOI : 10.1016 / S0140-6736 (10) 61462-6 . - PMID 21036393 .
- A van Amsterdam, J. , Opperhuizen, A. , Koeter, M. , van den Brink, W. Ranking on food safety and health , (in English) // European addiction research. - 2010. - Vol. 16 , no. 4 - P. 202-7 . - ISSN 1421-9891 . - DOI : 10.1159 / 000317249 . - PMID 20606445 .
- Ay Taylor, M., Mackay, K., Murphy, J., McIntosh, A., McIntosh, C., Anderson, S., Welch, K. Scottland (eng.) // BMJ Open. - 2012. - Vol. 2 , no. 4 - P. e000774 . - DOI : 10.1136 / bmjopen-2011-000774 . Archived October 16, 2015.
- ↑ van Amsterdam J. , Pennings E. , Brunt T. , van den Brink W. Physical harm due to chronic substance use (English) // Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology: RTP. - 2013. - Vol. 66 , no. 1 . - P. 83-7 . - ISSN 1096-0295 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.yrtph.2013.03.007 . - PMID 23542091 .
- ↑ van Amsterdam J. , Nutt D. , Phillips L. , van den Brink W. European rating of drug harms (Eng.) // Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). - 2015. - Vol. 29 , no. 6 - P. 655-60 . - ISSN 1461-7285 . - DOI : 10.1177 / 0269881115581980 . - PMID 25922421 .
- ↑ Lachenmeier DW , Rehm J. Comparative assessment of the risk of alcoholism (Eng.) // Scientific reports. - 2015. - Vol. 5 - P. 8126 . - ISSN 2045-2322 . - DOI : 10.1038 / srep08126 . - PMID 25634572 .
- ↑ The Editors , Roger Roffman, Wayne Hall, Mark AR Kleiman, Peter Reuter, Norm Stamper. If Marijuana Is Legal, Will Addiction Rise? , The New York Times , The New York Times Company (July 19, 2009). The appeal date is July 27, 2009.
- ↑ Bartenev, Artem Gennadyevich. Narcotization of Russian youth: differentiation of drug practices . disserCat - electronic library of dissertations (2009). The date of circulation is January 13, 2013. Archived January 14, 2013.
Literature
- Harry Shapiro. Recreational drugs: a directory . - Salamander, 2004. - 360 p. - ISBN 1840655569 , 9781840655568.
- Dennis Marcellino. It is a life of the Them . - Lighthouse Pub, 1988. - 190 p. - ISBN 0945272049 , 9780945272045.
Links
- The free medical dictionary (Eng.) . medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. The date of appeal is January 13, 2013.