The Jordanian dialect of the Arabic language ( Arabic. اللهجة الأردنية ) is one of the varieties of the Arabic language , which is attributed to the Syro-Palestinian dialects of the Arabic language [1] . Some Russian-speaking scholars do not distinguish Jordanian dialects as an independent dialect [2] and rank them among Palestinian dialects of the Syro-Palestinian Arabic language [3] .
| Jordanian Arabic | |
|---|---|
| Country | Jordan |
| Total number of speakers |  : 3.5 million (1996) |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of Eurasia |
Afrasian macro family
| |
| Writing | arabic letter |
| Language Codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-3 | ajp |
According to the Ethnologue Handbook, in 1996 there were 3.5 million native speakers of Palestinian- Jordanian dialects in Jordan ( English Palestinian-Jordanian, South Levantine Arabic , ISO 639-3 : ajp). There are television and radio broadcasts in the Jordanian dialect, it is used in theatrical productions [4] .
As in other Arab countries, diglossia is widespread in Jordan [5] - literary Arabic serves as the official language , and the local dialect plays the role of the everyday language. However, this is true only for urban residents, in rural areas the only and main language is local dialects.
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The Jordanian dialect is represented by three types of dialects: urban ( Madani ), rural ( Fallahi ) and Bedouin [6] . It is worth noting that the Bedouins of the East Jordanian deserts speak Hijaz and Nedzh dialects, obscure to other Jordanians [7] .
City
Urban dialects are spoken in major cities in Jordan. They are prestigious local options. When adapting native speakers of rural dialects in cities, it was noticed that women tend to bring their speech closer to urban dialects, while men are more likely to use standard Arabic occasionally. At the same time, speakers of rural dialects of any gender quickly get used to urban speech [8] .
Rural
The dialects of the Fallahs are spoken in villages and small towns adjacent to urban centers. They have different territorial variations: the language of the suburbs of Nablus (on the West Bank) is significantly different from the language of the villages near Jerusalem and Hebron, etc. Among speakers of rural dialects in contact with urban dialects, there is a tendency to downgrade the status of their own dialect. A minority of speakers of the Fallahi prefer to identify themselves with their own dialect and consider the dialects of Madani inappropriate for themselves.
When adapting in cities, the carriers of the fallahi tend to remove their dialectal features (tʃ in place of k, k in place of q, etc.). This leads to some frequent errors, for example, the complete replacement of the sound k by the laryngeal bow [8] .
Bedouin
Bedouin dialects ( badawi ) are common among the unsettled population, while the Fallahi and Madani are among the settled. Historically, the status of the Bedouin language was very high, they were appreciated for their rhetorical abilities and purity of pronunciation. In the Middle Ages, speakers of settled dialects tried to overcome this status, and by now the place of badawi is far from as high as in the early period of Islam. Thus, the badawi in prestige occupies a middle position between Madani and Fallahi. Speakers of Bedouin dialects seek to preserve their language in a different environment, are not predisposed to a language shift.
Bearers of other dialects in contact with the Bedouin divide them into several types. So, they separate the language of Aqaba and its environs from the dialects of Karak and Mafraq. The Beer Sheva dialect is especially distinguished [8] .
Notes
- ↑ M. S. Andronov, L. B. Nikolsky, 1986 , p. 393.
- ↑ T.P. Tikhonova. Secular concept of Arab nationalism. Saty al-Khusri . - Science, 1984. - S. 111. - 219 p.
- ↑ Institute of Asian Peoples (USSR Academy of Sciences). Modern Jordan. Reference / ed. E. A. Lebedev. - Science, 1964. - S. 21. - 190 p.
- ↑ Arabic, South Levantine Spoken . Ethnologue . Date of treatment August 10, 2015.
- ↑ M. S. Andronov, L. B. Nikolsky, 1986 , p. 180.
- ↑ M. S. Andronov, L. B. Nikolsky, 1986 , p. 181.
- ↑ Jordan, 2013 , p. 27.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Saleh M. Sulaiman. Jordanian Arabic between Diglossia and Bilingualism: Linguistic Analysis . - J. Benjamins Publishing Company, 1985 .-- S. 44-50. - 135 p.
Literature
- M.S. Andronov, L. B. Nikolsky. Foreign East. Language situation and language policy. Reference book . - Science, 1986. - 418 p.
- L. Masiel Sanchez, V. Suslenkov. Jordan - 2013 .-- ISBN 9785457381766 .