Bakhmetevsky garage

The building of the Bakhmetyevsky garage is a monument of architecture of the Soviet avant-garde ; It stands in a row of original buildings of the twenties of the XX century; it is distinguished by a unique spatial composition and a vivid artistic image. The Bakhmetyevsky garage is part of the architectural complex of the Bakhmetyevsky bus fleet (later the 3rd bus fleet of the Mosgortrans State Unitary Enterprise), which, in addition to the garage building, includes the administrative building and the building of car repair shops, which are also recognized as cultural heritage sites ^[2] .

In 1999, the 3rd bus fleet was transferred to Bibirevo , and the territory it previously occupied (3,057 ha with buildings) was transferred by the Moscow Government in 2001 to the temporary use of a religious organization - the Moscow Maryino-Roschinsky Jewish Community “to operate and maintain existing buildings and engineering systems in working condition for the design and construction of the educational and sports and leisure complex in 2001-2005 ” ^[3] and the creation of the Russian Jewish Museum of Tolerance . On June 12, 2008, the Garage Center for Contemporary Culture was opened in the building of the Bakhmetyevsky Garage . ^[four]

The beginning of organized bus traffic in Moscow is considered to be 1924 , when regular traffic along the "country" line began from the Presnenskaya Zastava to Serebryany Bor ^{[5] [6]} . Several imported and home-made buses converted from trucks worked on the line.

The operation of this route gave good results, and in the same year the first intracity bus line was opened from Kalanchevskaya Square to Tverskaya Zastava . Eight 28-seat Leyland buses were purchased for this line in the UK .

In January 1925, another 16 Leylands arrived, which made it possible to open two additional new routes. At the end of 1927, 18 bus lines were already operating in Moscow, along which 130 buses ran. The arrival of a large number of buses forced the Moscow Communal Services (MKH), which was then responsible for managing the public transport of the capital, to seriously think about building special bus garages in Moscow.

The first bus fleet in Moscow for English buses was built in 1926 on Bolshaya Ordynka according to the project of the architect M. E. Priymyshev using the warehouse buildings of the Pokrovsky manufactory ^[7] . It turned out to be extremely inconvenient for this function. The Horde bus depot became for Konstantin Melnikov the place of the author’s intention of the Bakhmetyevsky garage:

... I went to Ordynka and saw: foreign goldfinches were pulled forward, backward, - K. Melnikov recalled, - with a scolding of five, laying down for the night. It was a pity the spent gold bullion became. In dreams, “Leyland” is drawn to me by a thoroughbred horse, he puts himself in his place in the arena. What about cars? Remove sharp angles from the movement - we obtain a direct-flow system ^[8] .

Melnikov’s interest in garage construction unfolding in Moscow was predetermined by the projects he made for garages for Paris . The popularity of ^{[a] the} architecture of the USSR pavilion built by KS Melnikov for the International Exhibition of Decorative Arts and the Art Industry in Paris led to the fact that the author received a number of proposals and orders in 1926, including a garage project with a capacity of a thousand cars. Melnikov developed two alternative project options with the original idea of ​​placing garages over bridges across the Seine : a translucent glass cube with ten-story parking lots and a building raised above ground level with cantilever- suspended structures. Already in the garage project above the bridges of the Seine, Melnikov uses a new technique for placing cars, in which the parking lot is parked and left without using reverse gear ^[9] . Paris projects were not destined to be realized, however, a number of architectural ideas that arose during the design of Parisian garages were used by the architect when designing garages in Moscow.

After returning from Paris, Melnikov went deeper into the study of car traffic schedules during parking, and as a result put forward the idea of ​​a sawtooth system in terms of parking, in which the size of the movements and the interference of cars to each other decreased sharply. The architect himself in his sketches and drawings called this method of parking the "Melnikov system", but later it was called the "direct-flow system."

•  

  Sketch of a garage for a taxi in Paris (cubic version), 1926

•  

  A sketch of a five-story version of the construction of the Bakhmetyevsky garage, 1926

•  

  One of the last sketches of the Bakhmetevsky garage, 1926-1927

•  

  Leyland Buses, 1927

By the time Melnikov was included in the design of the bus fleet, there were already approved working drawings and a construction project for the Maryina Grove on Bakhmetyevskaya Street of a garage of the usual ring type for those years ^[8] . Melnikov personally went to the Moscow Soviet with the proposal of an alternative project ^{[9] [10]} . In the morning of May 16, 1926, buses were taken to Arbuzovskaya Square ^{[11] of the} capital for an experimental comparison of the garages of the existing system with the system proposed by Melnikov. 30 MKH buses and trucks alternately entered and replaced two types of garages painted with paint on the pavement: one according to the Melnikov system, the other a conventional arena type. Chronometric measurements carried out by the technical council of the Moscow Communal Services showed significant advantages of the proposals of KS Melnikov and he was entrusted with the design of the Bakhmetyevsky bus fleet ^[8] .

Before us stood a bastion of blueprints approved for construction and the stubborn obstinacy of the authorities of motor vehicles, ”wrote K. S. Melnikov,“ But the desire of an architect who came from the street turned out to be more dominant ... The idea born by Art penetrated the hearts of my enemies and, after it was held on May 16, 1926 experiments, an agreement was signed with me for the construction of an arena of unknown to Moscow oblique shape on a rectangular section of Bakhmetyevskaya Street, now Obraztsova Street, from the long threshold of which my GOLDEN SEASON soared ^[9] .

In the originally developed project of the Bakhmetyevsky garage, K. Melnikov proposed placing it in a five-story building with two floors deep in the ground, to minimize the mileage of cars between floors. The garage consisted of two intersecting buildings, and at the intersection a bright hall was designed with platforms for inspecting cars. Entry and exit from the garage took place in a spiral. However, this, as K. Melnikov himself later called it, the “formalistic” approach was not adopted and the project was revised ^[8] .

The Bakhmetyevsky garage has always been perceived by researchers of K. Melnikov’s work and specialists in Soviet architecture of the 1920s and 1930s as a separate object, “an example of a clean form” ^{[8] [9] [12]} .

However, in 1999 , in preparation for the memorial exhibition “Konstantin Melnikov and Moscow. Dialogue with the city ”, organized in the framework of cooperation between the Moscow Architectural Institute , the Faculty of Architecture of the Polytechnic University in Milan , the Faculty of Architecture of the Technical University in Delft and the University of Stuttgart , in the Moscow archives was discovered an original, unpublished nowhere else master plan for the section of the Bakhmetyevsky bus fleet with drawings, executed by K. S. Melnikov.

The study of the master plan allows us to conclude that according to the initial plan of the architect, the Bakhmetyevsky garage was the compositional dominant of the whole complex, which included, in addition to the garage, the buildings of the administrative building, boiler room , gas depot and car repair shops, folding into a single figurative composition of various geometric shapes that take shape on the plan ellipse , circle and rectangle ^[13] . The architect laid the diagonal along the axis of which the garage was placed at the heart of the spatial composition of the Bakhmetyevsky bus fleet. Such an original placement of the main object, in addition to the bright artistic merits, also had a number of functional advantages: in the free corners of the rectangular section, it became possible to arrange additional buildings and structures necessary for the bus fleet. In the organization of building up the corners of the plot, a classic architectural and planning technique was used: a compositionally distinguished center flanked by wings ^[12] .

The workshops and the boiler room were combined in the Melnikovsky general plan into a single complex located in the back of the courtyard, the center of which was played by an oval volume plan with an open courtyard. The administrative building, which consists of two volumes located perpendicular to each other along the red lines of intersecting streets (Bakhmetyevskaya street and the newly created driveway (now Novosuschevsky Lane ), was grouped in front of the round volume of the gas storage, which is an internal compositional accent. planning, obeyed by strict geometry and created a sense of stable balance with the compositional self-sufficiency of each element ^[12] .

The original master plan developed by Melnikov in 1926 was only partially implemented. Only the location and geometric shape of the garage in the form of a parallelogram remained unchanged (Melnikov himself called this shape a trapezoid ^[8] ). The trapezoidal garage building measuring 54 by 167 meters and a total area of ​​8575 square meters ^[3] set its own rules for the movement of vehicles at an obtuse angle of 127 ° with respect to the axis of the garage ^[8] . The architect himself called this principle of movement nothing more than a "formula":

FORMULA: Garage system, characterized in that the car is put in place and leaves the garage by translating forward in one direction with rotation at an obtuse angle ^[7] .

The system of arranging vehicles with ledges to the direction of the internal passage made it possible to more densely place buses in the garage and save space, as well as obtain significant operational advantages: when installing buses in and out of buses, the usual need for maneuvering, reversing and using the help of special personnel was avoided in other types of garages ^{[14] [15]} . Built in the late 1920s, the building of the Bakhmetyevsky garage remained cost-effective until the 1970s, as the design was able to accommodate an increase in both the number of cars and their size ^[8] .

My system, ”wrote Konstantin Melnikov in 1969,“ as a psychological onslaught, violated all existing norms by narrowing the hole in spending money and time for using motor vehicles ” ^[13] .

It is noteworthy that all four facades of the building have a different architectural solution. This is due not only to the fact that the facades performed different functions, but also due to the peculiar creative style of the architect, noticeable in most of his buildings. The main front facade of the garage with seven entry gates faces Obraztsova Street.

The vertical walls between the entrance portals, figuratively resembling ajar books, as well as part of the plane of the wall above the gate, are glazed. In the upper part of the main facade Melnikov placed a large relief inscription: “Entrance side”, the inscription “Bahmetyevsky bus depot” was added during construction, on the cartouche - “Moscow communal services. The garage was built in 1926-27. " Large Roman numerals above the gate indicated row numbers.

Departure from the garage was through the gate located on the rear end facade. Above the four central gates of the rear facade are large round windows resembling portholes . Another eight garage exits are arranged in the longitudinal north wall. Here the piers between the gates are filled with horizontal strip glazing. The southern wall of the garage has continuous tape glazing in two tiers. Windows of various types, rhythmically located on the facades of the garage, alternating with rectangular portals, give the building a special artistic imagery, characteristic of Melnikov's work ^[16] .

The internal space of the garage has no partitions and is solved by the type of a covered arena , divided into three naves by 18 thin metal columns. Steel columns are supported by longitudinal light truss trusses , as well as supporting middle and lateral truss trusses and ties that hold the roof with an area of ​​more than 8,500 square meters. Two metal spiral staircases leading to the bridges were built near the western and eastern walls of the building, which made it possible to inspect vehicles from above and monitor the condition of the roof and floors .

The metal structures of the Bakhmetyevsky garage are one of the last major works of the outstanding Russian engineer Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov. The architect himself turned to V. G. Shukhov with a request to design the floors for the Bakhmetyevsky garage and the garage on Novoryazanskaya street . Melnikov liked Shukhov for his eccentricity, talent, and ability to think independently, and he agreed to the proposal of the young architect K. C. Melnikov recalled his first meeting with V. G. Shukhov:

I will not forget my meeting with Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov in 1926. I brought him an order to close the Bakhmetyevsky garage, and so what? Instead of discussing the matter, he persistently seated me on the couch, while he, eighty years old, stood telling me about the meaning of closed vaults of Russian churches ^{[17] [18]}

The Bakhmetyevsky garage and the garage on Novoryazanskaya Street, together with the management building of the Novo-Sukharevsky Market , which was completed at the same time, were the first major, durable in function, non-wood structures built by Konstantin Melnikov ^[8] . The garage building is often characterized as a building in the spirit of constructivism ^{[15] [19]} or functionalism . However, with well-known features of external similarity, Melnikov’s work was outside the architectural trends that were fashionable at that time ^[20] and he categorically objected when his buildings were attributed to these styles:

In our century, the emergence of Constructivism, Rationalism , Functionalism and ARCHITECTURE has disappeared ..., - wrote K. Melnikov, - As for me, I knew something else, and this is more than one constructivism. I love the personality, respect the personality and delight the personality. Every dogma in my work I considered an enemy, but the constructivists as a whole did not reach the acuity of the constructive possibilities that I had anticipated for 100 years ^[21] .

In March 1927, Konstantin Melnikov developed a new master plan for the development of the site. The structure of the complex was significantly simplified and became more mechanistic, which, obviously, was associated with the adjustment of the boundaries of the site and technological requirements ^[12] . By the beginning of 1928, in addition to the building of the Bakhmetyevsky garage, an administrative building was built, which had a rectangular volume, set along Bakhmetyevskaya street. The compositional center of the main facade of the administrative building is the volume of the staircase that extends beyond the main plane of the wall and the lobby adjoins it. At the same time, part of the wing of the workshop complex was built. In the future, K.S. Melnikov did not take a direct part in the work on the Bakhmetyevsky bus fleet, and the completion was led by architect V.I. Kurochkin.

Redesigned by V. Kurochkin, the initial design of auto repair shops was deprived of elliptical volumes and consisted of rectangular brick buildings, set at an angle to each other along the western and southern borders of the site. The hall space of the workshops was blocked by steel trusses with a top light in the center. According to some researchers, the construction of the building and floors of workshops could also be developed with the participation of V. G. Shukhov ^{[7] [15]}

1927-1999

The Bakhmetyevsky garage began to be partially operated on November 1, 1927 , in connection with which the first 60 Leyland buses arrived here from the Orda bus depot ^[22] . In April 1928, the garage on Bakhmetyevskaya Street was finally completed and all passenger buses from Bolshaya Ordynka were transferred here ^[23] .

After the opening of automobile repair shops designed by architect V. Kurochkin in 1930 , the bus depot receives the number of the First. The Bakhmetyevsky bus fleet in the first half of the 1930s was the largest in the city and served more than 75% of the capital's routes: out of 234 buses operating in Moscow by 1931, 177 were operated by fleet No. 1 on Bakhmetyevskaya street ^[24] . In addition to the operation of passenger routes, the Bakhmetyevsky bus fleet carried out repair and re-equipment of buses. So, in May-July 1936, on the route No. 4 from Krasnopresnenskaya Zastava to Serebryany Bor, three ZIS- 8 buses with trailers built in the workshops of Bakhmetyevsky Park were tested ^{[22] [25]} .

At the beginning of World War II, the Bakhmetyevsky bus depot was converted into a central car repair shop (CARM), which repaired front-line cars and produced parts for Katyush ^{[22] [26]} , and the bulk of the buses were sent to the army and partially transferred to 2 bus depot, where they were also used for military purposes ^[27] . At the end of 1945, the park again began to serve public transport in Moscow , resuming its work as the 3rd bus . At the time of the resumption of activity, 55 passenger buses were operated in the Bakhmetyevsky park ^[22] .

At the end of 1961, 444 buses were operated here with a capacity of 186 Bakhmetyevsky park. Due to the congestion of the park, in 1962 the territory was reconstructed and the parking lot was significantly expanded. By the beginning of 1995, there were 385 buses in the 3rd bus depot , including 275 LiAZs and 109 Ikaruses .

В 1990 году , в связи со 100-летием со дня рождения К. С. Мельникова, комплекс Бахметьевского автобусного парка в составе здания Бахметьевского гаража, административного корпуса и здания мастерских включён в Список объектов культурного наследия Москвы. В 1997 году было принято Постановление Московской городской думы, которым здание Бахметьевского гаража было отнесено к перечню памятников истории и культуры, разрешённых к приватизации ^[28] .

За время эксплуатации Бахметьевского автобусного парка по его первоначальному назначению здания не реставрировались, появились многочисленные постройки, искажающие первоначальную композицию комплекса. С фасада Бахметьевского гаража исчезли объёмные надписи, оконные переплёты заменены стеклоблоками , здание несколько раз штукатурилось и перекрашивалось с отступлениями от первоначального проекта.

В связи с тем, что здание гаража нуждалось в срочной реставрации, а также учитывая возросшую численность эксплуатируемых автобусов, которые уже не умещались на отведённом участке, в 1999 году 3-й автобусный парк был выведен с улицы Образцова в Бибирево .

«Новая судьба» Бахметьевского гаража

Первоначально на высвобождаемых площадях Бахметьевского парка предполагалось разместить специализированное предприятие по централизованному техническому обслуживанию автобусов и заказным перевозкам ^[29] . Однако, после вывода с территории автобусного парка, поступило несколько новых предложений по использованию освободившегося участка ^[30] . Здесь предлагалось разместить музей городского транспорта Москвы ^[31] , Министерство культуры РФ и Российская академия художеств выступили с одинаковой инициативой — разместить в Бахметьевском парке музей современного искусства, Мосгортранс предложил воздвигнуть на территории Бахметьевского автобусного парка 20-этажный элитный дом, а Московский еврейский общинный центр Хабад Любавич — создать общеобразовательную еврейскую школу, а сам гараж реконструировать под хасидский культурный центр.

За последний вариант ратовала и синагога «Марьина Роща», расположенная неподалёку от автобусного парка. 9 января 2001 года земельный участок, на котором расположен Бахметьевский гараж, Постановлением Правительства Москвы был передан в безвозмездное пользование Марьинорощинской еврейской общине для организации учебно-воспитательного и спортивно-досугового комплекса за счёт собственных и привлекаемых средств общины ^[32] . Выбор в пользу размещения на территории Бахметьевского парка еврейского центра был сделан лично Мэром Москвы Ю. М. Лужковым :

Когда ко мне пришли представители еврейской общины и попросили предоставить место для центра, я сразу увидел в их глазах желание сделать добро. Я дал согласие, но не ожидал, что результат будет таким быстрым ^[33]

В сентябре 2001 года Главное управление охраны памятников (ГУОП) г. Москвы направило экспертов с проверкой прочности металлоконструкций здания гаража. Экспертное заключение оказалось малоутешительным: элементы ферм изъедены коррозией , несущий каркас не имеет запаса прочности и со дня на день может обрушиться. Однако вместо разработки проекта реставрации гаража, еврейская община начала самовольный демонтаж уникальных шуховских ферм ^[34] .

У здания Бахметьевского гаража, являющегося охраняемым государством объектом культурного наследия, была полностью разобрана крыша с фонарями верхнего света, демонтированы 12 оригинальных пролётов металлических ферм (треть от общего количества), ликвидировано заполнение окон ^[19] .

В конце того же года под влиянием общественности разборка здания гаража была приостановлена ^{[7] [19]} и к проекту реконструкции участка были привлечены архитектор А. Воронцов , архитектор-реставратор Г. Мудров, специалисты в области архитектуры XX века Е. Никулина и Ю. Волчок ^[34] . По проекту архитектора Воронцова на охраняемой территории ансамбля Бахметьевского автобусного парка должны появиться новые архитектурные объёмы, а некоторые существующие здания должны быть реконструированы ^[35] . Так, непосредственно в здании гаража намечалось разместить экспозиции, посвящённые истории еврейства в России, спортивные залы и плавательный бассейн ^[35] . Часть стен предполагалось снести с последующим «реставрационным восстановлением», а под зданием гаража должна была разместиться подземная парковка на 275 машин, а также технические и вспомогательные помещения культурно-спортивного центра. ^[15] . В здании административного корпуса должна разместиться общеобразовательная школа, соединённая единым подземным пространством со зданием Бахметьевского гаража.

Проект реконструкции территории Бахметьевского автобусного парка несколько раз претерпевал изменения и работы проводились, в основном, по реставрации здания Бахметьевского гаража и авторемонтных мастерских. Над внутренним пространством гаража работало архитектурное бюро Юрия Григоряна «Меганом» ^[36] , а на завершающем этапе к приспособлению интерьера здания под выставочное пространство был привлечён лондонский архитектор канадского происхождения Джейми Фоберт (Jamie Fobert) ^[37] , известный дизайном выставок для галерей Тейт и Тейт Модерн . К середине 2008 года реставрация гаража была в целом завершена: восстановлены утраченные металлоконструкции, по архивным фотографиям и чертежам К. Мельникова воссоздан главный фасад здания с крупными надписями над въездными порталами. Вместе с тем при реставрации были допущены очевидные ошибки ^[38] , искажающие образ архитектурного памятника. Так, в здании протекает крыша ^[36] , а реставрированные фасады несут на себе явные черты «евроремонта»: яркие цвета окраски, пластиковые окна, нарушающие первоначальный рисунок оконных переплётов.

17 октября 2007 года на территории Бахметьевского автобусного парка состоялось открытие первого в России многофункционального благотворительного центра «Шаарей цедек» («Врата милосердия»), в церемонии открытия которого приняли участие мэр Москвы Юрий Лужков, председатель Федерации еврейских общин России , главный раввин России Берл Лазар , певец Иосиф Кобзон ^[39] . Генеральным спонсором благотоворительного центра выступил предприниматель Роман Абрамович . В настоящее время на территории парка находятся московская еврейская школа «Месивта» , московская еврейская духовная семинария «Ешива Томхей Тмимим», московская еврейская служба занятости «Аводат Хесед». В реконструированном здании авторемонтных мастерских, являющихся памятником архитектуры, располагается многофункциональный еврейский медицинский центр и благотворительная столовая.

Еврейский музей и центр толерантности

С 2008 по 2012 год в здании располагался Центр современной культуры «Гараж» . Во время работы центра там проходили выставки семинары, лекции, дискуссии и кинопоказы. Затем «Гараж» передали Еврейскому музею и центру толерантности ^[40] .

В 2002 еврейская община Москвы, которой город передал гараж в безвозмездное пользование, инициировала реставрацию . Специалистам удалось сохранить в первоначальном виде внутреннюю планировку здания, частичную штукатурную отделку, главные въезды с восточного фасада.

Согласно планам Федерации еврейских общин России, в здании Бахметьевского гаража в 2010 году планировалось открыть Российский еврейский музей толерантности (РЕМТ), создание которого должно способствовать укреплению межнациональных и межконфессиональных отношений в Российской Федерации.

Эту идею поддержал в беседе с Берлом Лазаром второй Президент России Владимир Путин , выразивший желание перечислить в фонд строительства музея своё месячное вознаграждение ^{[41] [42]} . Свою поддержку созданию еврейского музея толерантности выразил также директор ФСБ РФ Николай Патрушев , передавший для музейных фондов 16 документов, касающихся судьбы шведского дипломата Рауля Валленберга , спасшего во время Второй мировой войны десятки тысяч евреев. ^[43]

Развёрнутая презентация проекта РЕМТ впервые состоялась в рамках Второго международного фестиваля искусств «Традиции и современность» в московском Манеже в марте 2008 года, где были показаны некоторые экспонаты обширной коллекции, демонстрирующей своеобразие и богатство культуры и искусства российских и советских евреев, ^[44] среди которых ценные и высокохудожественные атрибуты иудейского богослужения ( ханукии , бсамим , парохет , меноры ), работы художников А. Лаховского , Мане-Каца , С. Юдовина и других. ^[45]

15 сентября 2008 года в Бахметьевском гараже состоялась пресс-конференция президента Федерации еврейских общин России Александра Бороды, на которой он сделал презентацию Российского еврейского музея толерантности ^[46] .

Музей открылся в 2012 году Постоянная экспозиция музея и центра толерантности рассказывает об этапах развития России со времён царствования Екатерины II до наших дней. В основе выставки — культура и быт еврейского народа . Во всех 12-ти тематически оформленных залах установлены интерактивные экраны, аудиовизуальные инсталляции, основой которых стали фото и видеоархивы, документы, интервью. В музее проходят и выставки уникальных фотографий, книг и документов, а также культовых произведений советского авангарда эпохи модернизма ^[47] .

• Одна из сцен вышедшего в 1929 году немого документального фильма режиссёра Дзиги Вертова «Человек с киноаппаратом» снята в Бахметьевском гараже.
• Бахметьевский гараж запечатлён вместе с его создателем в фотоработах выдающегося советского фотографа А. Родченко .

• Гараж Госплана
• Гараж на Новорязанской улице
• Гараж Интуриста
• Российский еврейский музей толерантности
• Центр современной культуры «Гараж»
• Конструктивизм в архитектуре Москвы

Comments

Sources