Christian Friedrich Schönbein ( German: Christian Friedrich Schönbein ; October 18, 1799 , Metzingen , Baden-Württemberg - August 29, 1868 , near Baden-Baden ) - German-Swiss chemist, author of the name for the science of geochemistry.
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Biography
Christian Friedrich Schönbein studied at the University of Tübingen and Erlangen . He worked in Switzerland, professor at the University of Basel (since 1828 ), discovered ozone (1839), pyroxylin (1845).
His first works were devoted to the study of the passivity of iron and related electrochemical studies. In 1840, during a study of the oxidation of white phosphorus and electrolysis of water, ozone was chemically isolated. The existence of ozone has been known since 1785 from the experiments of Martin Van Marum on passing an electric spark through oxygen , Schönbein described the chemical methods for producing ozone and gave it the name from the Greek word dr. ózō (“smell”) due to its characteristic smell. Ozone is devoted to his book "Ozone Production by Chemical Methods" ( German: Ueber die Erzeugung des Ozon auf chemischem Wege ) ( Basel , 1844).
The main direction of his work is the catalytic activity of reagents. He put forward the proposition that a chemical reaction is the sum of successive processes. In his work Contribution to Physical Chemistry (1844), he criticized Berzelius 's idea of “catalytic strength” and Faraday ’s opinion on adsorption as a purely physical phenomenon.
He discovered nitrosaccharin, nitroamide, pyroxylin (1845) and collodion (1846). There is a story that Schoenbein discovered pyroxylin by chance. During experiments with nitric acid, he poured it on his wife's apron and began to dry it near the stove, but the apron suddenly exploded. During the interaction of apron cotton with nitric acid, nitrocellulose was formed, which excels gunpowder in its explosive properties. Schönbein was the first to develop an acceptable method for producing nitrocellulose. There were attempts to apply it for the production of "smokeless powder", but they were unsuccessful due to the high explosiveness of the substance. Already after Schönbein's death, the English chemists Frederick August Abel and James Dewar developed cordite based on nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin , which was used as a powder element in firearms and artillery.
Introduced the term geochemistry (1838).
Most of his work is published in Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel and in Poggendorff's Annalen. Separately, he published: "Das Verhalten des Eisens zum Sauerstoff" (Basel, 1837); “Beiträge zur physik. Chemie "(ib., 1844); "Ueber die langsame und rasche Verbrennung der Körper in atmosphärischer Luft" (ib., 1845). His biography was written by Hagenbach (Basel, 1868).
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ Schönbein Christian Friedrich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [30 p.] / Ed. A.M. Prokhorov - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1969.
Literature
- Schönbein, Christian-Friedrich // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
Links
- Bibliography of Christian Schönbein, pdf (German)
- V. A. Volkov "Outstanding chemists of the world." M., "Higher School", 1991