Johannes (Jan) Ingenhaus (Ing.) ( Dutch Johannes (Jan) Ingenhousz or Ingen-Housz , December 8, 1730 , Breda , Netherlands - September 7, 1799 , Bowwood , Wiltshire , England ) - Dutch and English physiologist , biologist and chemist .
| Jan Ingenhouse | |
|---|---|
| Date of Birth | |
| Place of Birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
| A country | |
| Alma mater | |
| Awards and prizes | member of the Royal Society of London |
Best known as one of the pioneers of photosynthesis , as he proved that light is a necessary component of the conversion of carbon dioxide into oxygen by green plants. He also discovered the presence of cellular respiration processes not only in animals, but also in plants. He conducted experiments with electricity , studied thermal conductivity and chemistry. In 1785 he described the chaotic movement of coal dust particles over ethanol vapor, which allows Jan Ingenhaus to be considered the discoverer of the Brownian movement .
Together with Joseph Priestley showed that carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is absorbed by plants with the release of oxygen with the participation of sunlight in the process of photosynthesis; I also found that there is an opposite process, similar to animal breathing, of photorespiration , that is, absorption of oxygen by plants and carbon dioxide, and breathing in the green part of the plant (containing chlorophyll ) is carried out in the dark, and in parts of the plant that do not have chlorophyll, as in in the dark and in the light.
He was also known for the successful vaccination of members of the Habsburg family in Vienna against smallpox in 1768, after which he became a private adviser and personal doctor of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa [3] .
Biography
Comes from the aristocratic genus . From the age of 16 he began to study medicine at the University of Leuven , where in 1753 he received a doctorate in medicine. He studied at Leiden University for 2 years, where he attended lectures by Peter van Mushenbrook , which caused Ingenhaus to have a constant interest in electricity. In 1755 he returned home to Breda, where he began to conduct general medical practice.
He died in 1799 in , Calne Community, UK. He was buried in the courtyard of the Church of St. Mary. His wife died the following year [4] .
Scientific activity
Smallpox
After the death of his father in July 1764, Jan went on a trip to Europe to study, starting in Great Britain, where he was going to learn the latest achievements in smallpox vaccination. With the help of a family friend, John Pringle , he quickly gained many valuable contacts in London and became a vaccination specialist. In 1767, he planted 700 peasants during the successful fight against the epidemic in Hertfordshire . In 1768, the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa read Pringle's letter about her success in combating smallpox in Britain. Since the medical establishment was categorically against vaccination in the Austrian Empire, she decided to first vaccinate her entire family (her cousin had already died) and requested help from the British Royal House. On the recommendation of Pringle, Jan was chosen to provide assistance and sent to Austria. Ian planned to plant the royal family with a needle and thread, which were covered with smallpox pathogen from the pus of an infected person. The vaccination was successful, and Jan became the court physician of Maria Theresa. He settled in Vienna and in 1775 married Agate Maria Jacot.
Photosynthesis
In the 1770s, Ingenhaus became interested in the gas exchange of plants. This was prompted by a meeting with the scientist Joseph Priestley at his house in Yorkshire on May 23, 1771. Priestley discovered that plants produce and absorb gases. In 1779, Ingenhaus discovered that in the presence of light, green parts of plants emit bubbles, and in the shade this phenomenon ceased [5] . He identified the released gas as oxygen. He also discovered that in the dark, plants emit carbon dioxide. He also realized that the mass of oxygen released exceeds the mass of released carbon dioxide, which indicates that part of the mass of the plant comes from air, and not just from water and soil nutrients.
Other
In addition to his work in Holland and Vienna, Ingenhaus was in France, Great Britain, Switzerland. He conducted research in the fields of electricity, heat and chemistry. He was in close frequent correspondence with Benjamin Franklin and Henry Cavendish [6] . In 1785, he described the irregular movement of coal dust on the surface of alcohol, and, therefore, may be called the discoverer of what became known as the Brownian motion.
In 1769, Ingenhaus was admitted to in London.
Rewards
- Baker's lecture (1778, 1779)
Printed Works
- Expériences sur les végétaux ( 1779 , French translation 1780 )
- Nouvelles expériences et observations sur divers objets de physique (French translation 1785 )
- many articles in Transactions philosophiques .
Further reading
- Norman and Elaine Beale, Echoes of Ingen Housz. The long lost story of the genius who rescued the Habsburgs from smallpox and became the father of photosynthesis . 630 pages, with a foreword by David Bellamy, Hobnob Press, July 2011, ISBN 1-906978-14-X .
- Geerdt Magiels, From sunlight to insight. Jan IngenHousz, the discovery of photosynthesis & science in the light of ecology . VUB Press, 2009, ISBN 978-90-5487-645-8 .
- Beaudreau, Sherry Ann; Finger Stanley Medical electricity and madness in the 18th century: the legacies of Benjamin Franklin and Jan Ingenhousz // Perspect. Biol. Med. : journal. - United States, 2006. - Vol. 49 , no. 3 . - P. 330-345 . - ISSN 0031-5982 . - DOI : 10.1353 / pbm.2006.0036 . - PMID 16960304 .
- Smit, P. Jan Ingen-Housz (1730–1799): some new evidence about his life and work (Eng.) // Janus : journal. - Netherlands, 1980. - Vol. 67 , no. 1-2-3 . - P. 125-139 . - ISSN 0021-4264 . - PMID 11610754 .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 SNAC - 2010.
- ↑ 1 2 Biografisch Portaal - 2009.
- ↑ Ingen Housz JM, Beale N., Beale E. The life of Dr Jan Ingen Housz (1730–99), private counselor and personal physician to Emperor Joseph II of Austria (Eng.) // J Med Biogr : journal. - 2005. - Vol. 13 , no. 1 . - P. 15-21 . - PMID 15682228 .
- ↑ * Van Klooster; HS Jan Ingenhousz (Eng.) // Journal of Chemical Education : journal. - 1952. - Vol. 29 , no. 7 . - P. 353-355 . - DOI : 10.1021 / ed029p353 . - . Archived January 12, 2013.
- ↑ Jan Ingenhousz, Experiments upon Vegetables, Discovering Their great Power of purifying the Common Air in the Sun-shine, and of Injuring it in the Shade and at Night. To Which is Joined, A new Method of examining the accurate Degree of Salubrity of the Atmosphere , London, 1779. From Henry Marshall Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein, A Source Book in Chemistry 1400–1900 , New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 1952. Excerpts . Retrieved 24 June 2008.
- ↑ Smith, Edgar F. Forgotten Chemists (English) // Journal of Chemical Education : journal. - 1926. - Vol. 3 . - P. 29-40 . - DOI : 10.1021 / ed003p29 . - . Archived June 30, 2012.
Links
- Ingengous // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907. Retrieved October 25, 2008
- Jan Ingenhousz - article from Britannica (11th edition)