Staccato ( ital. Staccato - abruptly) - a musical touch prescribing to perform sounds abruptly, separating one from another by pauses. Staccato is one of the main ways of extracting sound ( articulation ), contrasted legato .
It is indicated by the word staccato or by dots above or below the notes at their heads.
Accented staccato (also called staccatissimo or “staccato wedge”) is a variation of this stroke, meaning even more abrupt performance of sounds. It is indicated by wedges (whence the Russian name for the stroke) - short vertical dots, pointed to the note.
Staccato can be applied to notes of any length, indicating in the general case its reduction by about half.
Content
Staccato on various instruments
Stringed Bow
Staccato when playing stringed instruments - jerky bow movement with a stop; has a number of varieties - saltando, sautillé, etc.
- Ordinary staccato - “without real pauses, with the help of one articulation achieved by changing the stroke (the most common type of staccato [non legato], especially used in orchestral play and used in the absence of arcs and points)” [1] . According to articulation, staccato is performed differently. For example, on a staccato violin performed: [2]
- Joseph Joachim - only with a brush;
- Henri Vietnam - with a brush and forearm;
- Henryk Wieniawski - only a shoulder.
- Large staccato - “abruptly pressing and releasing the string with a constantly changing stroke (large staccato, grand détaché)” [1] .
- Volatile staccato or staccato volant (saltato, sautillé). When playing, the bow jumps, breaking away from the strings. It is carried out with a brush [1] .
- Fulfillment: to weaken pressure of fingers on a bow, continuing the same movement with a brush, which is used for short detache strokes.
- Operating principle:
- The bow continues to move along the string;
- The bow, having lost the fixation of the fingers, performs the initial rotational movement around the fingers and the string, forcing it through;
- The pressure force of the string on the hair of the bow increases, producing a sharp sound;
- The string pushes the bow away from itself.
- Errors:
- Performing sharp movements (they prevent the bow envelope movement along the string and its subsequent repulsion);
- Increased pressure on the bow (prevents rebound or uncontrolled jumps occur).
- Spiccato ( ital. Spiccato - tear off, separate) - a jumping stroke, performed by throwing to the side [3] .
- Sotiye ( fr. Sautiller - bounce) - a jumping stroke performed by small movements with only one point of the bow (near its middle) at a fast pace and with a small sound strength [4] .
- Staccato piqué ( French Staccado piqué - jerky) - a jumping stroke. Performed by means of slightly noticeable brush strokes on an ongoing bow stroke - a real virtuoso staccato. It is indicated by a series of points under the arc [1] [5] .
Keyboard
- By the principle of percussion. The piano is performed by striking the keys.
- According to the principle of plucking. Harpsichord.
Winds
To perform staccato on a wind instrument, language is used to abruptly interrupt the air stream. Usually use several repetitions:
- Double staccato;
- Triple staccato [6] [7] .
See also
- Pizzicato
- Emphasis is a more general term.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Staccato. // Musical dictionary. Explanatory with illustrations. (unavailable link) (unavailable link from 06/14/2016 [1169 days])
- ↑ L. Auer. Stassato up and down with a bow. Bow Strokes. My school is playing the violin.
- ↑ Staccato - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- ↑ Musical dictionary of foreign words. (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment December 3, 2009. Archived March 10, 2011.
- ↑ Dictionary of musical foreign words. (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment December 3, 2009. Archived November 30, 2009.
- ↑ Songs on the Flute. Technique of the game when playing a piece for flute.
- ↑ Melentyeva E.R., Domogatskaya I.E., Pelevina S.M., Azizyan L.P. An additional general developmental program in the field of musical art, an exemplary program on the subject of a musical instrument (flute). - Moscow 2013.
Literature
- Staccato // Musical Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1981. - V. 5. - S. 251—252. - 1056 s.