Hawaii [2] [3] [4] ( Eng. Hawaii ) - US state . Located in the Hawaiian Islands in the central Pacific Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere at a distance of 3,700 km from the continental United States. They joined the federation on the rights of the state of Hawaii on August 21, 1959, becoming the 50th state in a row.
| US state | |||||
Hawaii | |||||
| |||||
 | |||||
State motto | The life of the country is immortalized in justice | ||||
State song | Native hawaii | ||||
State nickname | Aloha State | ||||
Capital | Honolulu | ||||
The largest city | Honolulu | ||||
Big cities | Hilo , Kailua-Kona | ||||
Population | 1,419,561 [1] ( 2014 ) 40th in the USA | ||||
| density | 48.56 people / km² 20th in the USA | ||||
Area | 43rd place | ||||
| Total | 28 311 km² | ||||
| water surface | 11 677 km² (41.2%) | ||||
| latitude | 18 ° 55 ′ s. w. at 28 ° 27 ′ s. w. , - km | ||||
| longitude | 154 ° 48 ′ W d. at 178 ° 22 ′ W. d. , 2450 km | ||||
Height above sea level | |||||
| maximum | 4207.3 m | ||||
| average | 920 m | ||||
| minimal | 0 m | ||||
State Acceptance | August 21, 1959 50 in a row | ||||
| before accepting status | Territory of hawaii | ||||
Governor | David Ige ( D ) | ||||
Vice Governor | D ] | ||||
Legislature | Legislature of Hawaii | ||||
| upper chamber | Senate of Hawaii | ||||
| Lower Chamber | House of Representatives Hawaii | ||||
Senators | Brian Schatz ( D ) Maisy Hirono ( D ) | ||||
Timezone | Hawaiian time: UTC − 10 | ||||
Abbreviation | Hi | ||||
Official site | portal.ehawaii.gov | ||||
The population is 1,419,561 people (as of 2014). The urban population is about 70%. The official language is English . In tourist areas, along with English, Japanese is used, many inscriptions in English are duplicated with hieroglyphs (kana) [5] . In everyday life, among various ethnic groups, other languages are preserved, including Hawaiian .
The capital and largest city of the state is Honolulu . Other large cities - Hilo , Kailua-Kona , Kaneohe . The economically most developed island is Oahu .
The official alternative name is Aloha State [6] .
Content
- 1 Etymology
- 1.1 State name dispute
- 2 Geography
- 3 Climate
- 4 History
- 5 Economics
- 6 Demographics
- 6.1 Population
- 6.2 Religion
- 7 Persons
- 8 Named after Hawaii
- 9 See also
- 10 notes
- 11 Literature
- 12 Links
Etymology
The name of the state " Hawaii " ( Eng. Hawaii ) comes from the largest island of the Hawaiian Islands - the island of Hawaii . There are several versions about the etymology of the name of the island. According to one of them, the island is named for Hawaiiloa , the character of the Hawaiian myth that discovered the island when it was first inhabited [7] [8] . According to another version, the insulonym comes from the name of the legendary ancestral home of the Polynesian Hawaiians [9] .
In Hawaiian, the word "Hawaii" ( Hawaii ) is very similar to the Great Polynesian Sawaiki ("homeland"). Tycoons to the word "Hawaii" are found in other Polynesian languages, in particular, Maori ( Hawaii ), Kuk (" Avaiki ") and Samoan ( Savai ). According to the linguists Pukui and Elbert [10] , "everywhere in Polynesia the word" Hawaii "or cognate to it is the name of the underworld or the home of ancestors, but in Hawaii themselves the name has no meaning" [11] .
State name dispute
In 1978, when the Hawaiian language was proclaimed the second official language in the Constitution of the State of Hawaii [12] , the question arose of the correct spelling of the name of the state. The name of the state constitution in English looks like English. The Constitution of the State of Hawaii , and the name of the state, according to article XV, section 1 of the Constitution - Eng. The State of Hawaii [13] . The English-language spelling of the name did not use diacritics , because the previous version of the constitution, drawn up in 1949 [14] , did not use the (') and macron used in modern Hawaiian spelling. The exact spelling of the state name in Hawaiian is woof. Hawaiʻi . In 1959 , which established the state’s official status, the federal government recognized Hawaii as the official name of the state. All official government documents, job titles, and the Hawaii seal used the traditional spelling of the state name without diacritics. [15] On the other hand, state park services, the University of Hawaii and some private companies use diacritical characters in the spelling of the state name. Moreover, since the adoption of the US Constitution in 1789, there has not been a single precedent for changing the name of the state. Only in 1780 did the officially change the name of the Province of Massachusetts Bay to Commonwealth of Massachusetts , and in 1819 Arkanso Territory was incorporated into the United States ( English Territory of Arkansaw ), which was accepted into the Union as the state of Arkansas ( English State of Arkansas ) in 1836.
Geography
The state is located in the Hawaiian Islands in the central Pacific Ocean . Area - 28 311 km². On the island of Hawaii there are active volcanoes Mauna Loa and Kilauea , the sleeping volcano Mauna Kea (altitude 4205 m). Hawaii is the fastest growing area of the earth's surface (a consequence of volcanic activity). Due to the features of the terrain and soils, the state has almost no large fresh lakes, with the exception of Lake Waiau , Halulu and the reservoir.
Climate
Tropical trade winds .
The average annual temperature is + 18 ... + 25 degrees Celsius. Precipitation up to 4000 mm per year.
Tropical rainforests , savannah and other natural areas.
History
The islands were first inhabited by Polynesians in the 3rd - 4th centuries . For Europeans, the islands were discovered by the English captain James Cook in 1778 , who called them the Sandwich Islands. Europeans found several government entities in the Hawaiian Islands, which at the beginning of the 19th century merged into a single Kingdom of Hawaii . The development of interest in the production of sugarcane led the United States at the end of the century to a more active economic and political impact on the affairs of the archipelago. The local population, faced with infections introduced from the outside, to which it had no immunity, died out: by the end of the century, about 30 thousand people remained from the 300 thousandth Polynesian population.
In 1852, the Hawaiian Agricultural Society brought the first batch of workers — 200 Chinese — to Honolulu . Soon new parties followed. The Chinese were joined by the Japanese , Filipinos , Koreans , and also workers from Europe: the Portuguese from the island of Madeira , Germans and Norwegians . Sugarcane companies gradually changed the look of the islands.
In 1887, the armed detachments of the white forces forced the adoption of the "Bayonet Constitution." Since Liliuokalani , the last queen of the islands, tried to challenge the provisions of this “constitution”, a group of natives of islands of American descent, calling for help from American sailors from a ship in the bay , carried out a coup and overthrew the queen in 1893 . A year later, the puppet Republic of Hawaii was proclaimed, with Sanford Dole as president. After the failure of the counter-coup attempt led by Hawaiian nationalist Colonel Robert William Wilcox, who did not tire of rebelling against both monarchist and republican governments, the accession of Hawaii to the United States was only a matter of time.
In 1898 , at the height of the Spanish-American War , the United States annexed [16] Hawaii and in 1900 granted them the status of self-governing territory . From 1901 to 1902, the first chairman of the Hawaiian Senate was Nikolai Sudzilovsky-Roussel [17] , also known as Cauca Lukini (in Hawaiian “Russian doctor”), who during his tenure managed to carry out reforms in support of the indigenous people, but could not resist the influence of the United States and was deprived of American citizenship for anti-American activities.
In 1908, the Pearl Harbor port, which since the late 19th century had played the role of the international, became the base of the US Navy . The attack of Japanese aviation on this base on December 7, 1941 led the United States to enter World War II .
On August 21, 1959, Hawaii received the status of the state , the 50th in a row.
Economics
The basis of the economy is tourism and the service sector . There are many resorts , natural and historical sights on the islands, including national parks that are part of the US national park system .
Main industries: sugar and canning.
Farming . 1 million hectares are processed. The main consumer culture is rice . Livestock is of secondary importance. The best lands are occupied by plantations of export crops: pineapples , sugarcane , coffee , sisal , bananas , guavas . Macadamia nuts are also grown. Floriculture .
Hawaii is the most important transportation hub of the North Pacific Ocean through which the routes connecting the USA and Canada with East Asia, the Philippines , Australia , New Zealand pass.
Demographics
Population
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
According to the US Census (2010) , the population of Hawaii was 1,360,300. The population growth compared to 2000 amounted to 149 thousand or 12.3% [21] )
- Ethnic composition
- 10% - Hawaiians
- 38.6% are Asians ( Filipinos and Japanese by 14%, Chinese by 5%)
- 24.7% are Americans of European descent
- 14.7% - mestizos
- 8.9% - Hispanics ( Puerto Ricans and Mexicans )
- 3.1% are African - Americans and others.
Among Europeans, Germans , Portuguese , and British predominate. There are about 5 thousand people from the former USSR.
Religion
Representatives of various religious denominations in the state of Hawaii according to the data for 2000 were distributed as follows [22] [23] [24] :
- Christianity : 351,000 (28.9%)
- Buddhism : 110,000 (9%)
- Judaism : 10,000 (0.8%)
- Other: 100,000 (10%)
- Not belonging to any of the religions: 650,000 (51.1%)
The largest denominations in terms of the number of adherents are: the Roman Catholic Church - 240,813 in 2000 [25] and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 68,128 in 2009 [26] .
“Other” are religions that do not apply to Christianity, Buddhism or Judaism. This group includes Baha'is , Confucianism , Taoism , Hawaiian paganism , Hinduism , Islam , Sikhism , Shintoism , Scientology , Wicca , Zoroastrianism and other religions.
“Not belonging to any of the religions” - people who do not belong to any religious community, including agnostics , atheists , deists and non-religious .
A Gallup poll in 2009 showed that religious preferences are distributed as follows, excluding other non-Christian religions and those who “have no opinion” [27] :
- Christianity : 63.9% (37.8% Protestants and other Christians, 22.8% Catholics , 3.3% Mormons )
- Judaism : 0.7%
- Nonreligious , agnostics , atheists : 21.0%
Persons
Named after Hawaii
In geology [28] :
- Hawaii is a volcanic rock, a type of olivine .
- Hawaiian type of volcanoes - Volcano
- Hawaiian Eruption Type - Volcano Eruption
- Hawaiian type of block (block) lava - Aa Lava
- Hawaiian Volcanic Bombs - Volcanic Bomb
In biology:
- Hawaiian Monk Seal
In the culture:
- Ukulele - musical instruments.
- Hawaiian Hulu dancing is a folk dance form.
- Hawaiian eagle - the fastest truck as well as fire truck in the world (for 2011)
See also
- Hawaii (island)
- Ukulele
- List of Hawaii counties
- Hawaiian overprint in US dollars
Notes
- ↑ Table 1.06 RESIDENT POPULATION, BY COUNTY 2000 TO 2014 (as of July 1) & 124; Data for Hawaii & 124; data.hawaii.gov
- ↑ United States of America // Atlas of the World / comp. and preparation. to the ed. PKO "Cartography" in 2009; ch. ed. G.V. Pozdnyak . - M .: PKO "Cartography": Onyx, 2010. - S. 168-169. - ISBN 978-5-85120-295-7 (Cartography). - ISBN 978-5-488-02609-4 (Onyx).
- ↑ Dictionary of Geographic Names of Foreign Countries, 1986 , p. 84.
- ↑ Superanskaya A.V. Dictionary of geographical names. - M.: AST-PRESS BOOK, 2013 .-- 208 p. - S. 33.
- ↑ Hawaii & 124; A community of polite fans of games, anime and Japan . uwrena.ru. Date of treatment March 18, 2017.
- ↑ State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols: A Historical Guide Third Edition, Revised and Expanded (State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols). By Benjamin F. Shearer (Author), Barbara S. Shearer (Author). ISBN 978-1-58157-032-8
- ↑ The legend of Hawaiiloa by Bruce Cartwright (link unavailable) . Date of treatment September 26, 2018. Archived July 13, 2007.
- ↑ Origins of Hawaii's Names (link unavailable) . Date of treatment February 24, 2007. Archived December 30, 2006.
- ↑ Pospelov, 2002 , p. 109.
- ↑ Pukui, Mary Kawena. Hawaiian Dictionary / Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel H. Elbert. - Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1986. - P. 62. - ISBN 978-0-8248-0703-0 .
- ↑ Pukui, Elbert, and Mookini 1974.
- ↑ Article XV, Section 4 . The Constitution of the State of Hawaii . Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. Date of treatment March 18, 2015.
- ↑ Article XV, Section 1 . The Constitution of the State of Hawaii . Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. Date of treatment March 18, 2015.
- ↑ The Constitution of the State of Hawaii . Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. Date of treatment March 18, 2015.
- ↑ Hawaiian language (inaccessible link) . Wow Polynesia (December 2, 2009). Date of treatment April 16, 2011. Archived June 18, 2011.
- ↑ History of US Foreign Policy and Diplomacy, 1867-1918 / Ros. Acad. sciences. Inst. Universal. stories; Editorial: G.P. Kuropiatnik (ed.) And others .-- M .: Nauka, 1997 .-- 383 p. - ISBN 5-02-008656-8
- ↑ Hawaii Legislators' Handbook - Apppendix E . Archived February 2, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 https://web.archive.org/web/20111028064539/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
- ↑ US Census Bureau Hawaii QuickFacts
- ↑ Population Estimates Program
- ↑ Population and Population Centers by State - 2000 . United States Census Bureau. Date of treatment December 4, 2008. Archived on August 25, 2011.
- ↑ State of Hawaii Data Book 2000, Section 1 Population, Table 1.47 .
- ↑ Glenmary Research Center .
- ↑ Honolulu Advertiser .
- ↑ Archived copy (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment April 5, 2010. Archived December 29, 2009. Glenmary research center
- ↑ LDS Newsroom Statistical Information (inaccessible link) . Archived July 30, 2008.
- ↑ Gallup Poll Daily tracking .
- ↑ Petrological English-Russian explanatory dictionary. M .: Mir, 1986.P. 219.
Literature
- Pospelov E. M. Geographical names of the world. Toponymic dictionary / resp. ed. R. A. Ageeva. - 2nd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Russian dictionaries, Astrel, AST, 2002. - 512 p. - 3,000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-001389-2 .
- Dictionary of geographical names of foreign countries / A. M. Komkov. - M .: Nedra, 1986.- 459 p.
Links
- ehawaii.gov (English) - The official site of the state of Hawaii
- Hawaiian Islands / T.I. Kondratieva, E. B. Shashina // Eightfold Path - Germans. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2006. - S. 225—226. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 6). - ISBN 5-85270-335-4 .