Orthodox-Old Catholic dialogue is a theological dialogue between representatives of Orthodox churches and old Catholic churches . The objectives of the dialogue were to achieve unity in the doctrine and subsequent entry into Eucharistic communion [1] .
The emergence of the old Catholic movement in 1871 aroused interest in the Russian Orthodox Church . In 1872, the St. Petersburg department of the Society of Lovers of Spiritual Education was organized, whose members corresponded with old Catholics and represented the Russian Orthodox Church at old Catholic conferences. However, after 1875, contacts were interrupted for 15 years.
In December 1892, the St. Petersburg Commission was formed to conduct a theological dialogue with the Old Catholics, in response to which the Rotterdam Commission was established in August 1894. The commissions communicated by sending official letters to each other. It was not possible to reach agreement on all issues. The outbreak of World War I interrupted the dialogue.
In the 1920s, the Orthodox-old Catholic contacts resumed, but now the leading role was played by the Orthodox Church of Constantinople , and the Moscow Patriarchate , on the contrary, was deprived of the opportunity to participate in them until the mid-1940s.
In 1966, the first plenary meeting of the Inter-Orthodox Theological Commission for a Dialogue with Old Catholics took place, which proceeded to outline the existing similarities and differences between the Orthodox and Old Catholic Churches, and in August 1975 a Mixed Theological Commission on the Orthodox-Old Catholic Dialogue was formed. This commission held 7 plenary meetings, the last of which took place in October 1987. It was not possible to achieve the set goals [2] .
First contacts (1871-1875)
One of the most important tasks set by the old Catholic churches is to unite with the Western churches, separated from the Roman Catholic Church, and with the Eastern Orthodox. In order to accomplish this task, representatives of Old Catholicism from the very beginning established, among others, contacts with representatives of the Utrecht , Anglican , Orthodox churches [3] .
On September 22-24, 1871, the Munich Old Catholic Congress was held, at which, as a representative of the Orthodox church community, Ivan Osinin, professor of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, was present. Osinin not only tried to give comprehensive answers to numerous questions of members of Congress, but also made a speech. For the first time, a Russian Orthodox theologian spoke at a meeting of German scholars. Although the speaker himself regretted that the opinion of Russian βtheological scholarship is so unenviable that the simplest word spoken intelligently is surprisingβ [4] . The Munich Congress announced the aspiration of the old Catholic movement for unity with the Orthodox Church: βWe express hope for reunification with the Greek East and Russian Church, the break with which occurred without sufficient reasons and has no basis in any irreparable dogmatic differencesβ [5] . Upon his return, Ivan Osinin provided a full report on what was happening at the congress, printing it in the 11th issue of Christian Reading for 1871 [6] .
During the days of the Munich Congress, Fedor Tyutchev wrote to I. S. Aksakov : βA whole cosmos of ideas arises here ... the opportunity to begin peaceful spiritual cooperation with Germany ... A peacemaking principle is born that defines the true calling of Russiaβ [7] .
On December 11, 1871, members of the Society of Lovers of Spiritual Education living in St. Petersburg , Rector of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy Archpriest John Yanyshev and corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences Alexander Gilferding applied to the Moscow Council of the Society of Lovers of Spiritual Education to create a department of the Society in St. Petersburg Petersburg. The opening of the St. Petersburg department took place on March 26, 1872. Among the tasks of society was "to maintain relations with the champions of the Orthodox Truth abroad, providing them with moral support" [5] .
Immediately after its establishment, the Society developed a vigorous activity related to the old Catholic movement. In fact, it monopolized all contacts with representatives of Old Catholicism [5] , paving the way for official negotiations [8] .
On May 12, 1872, one of the old Catholic committees asked the secretary of the St. Petersburg department of the Society to indicate under what conditions the old Catholics could reunite with the Eastern Church. The response message said [8] :
In order for the autocephalous, independent Church, not connected to our Church, to be restored in the West, it is necessary that between this Church and ours there is a perfect identity in dogma. Our church cannot make any concessions in this regard. She cannot agree to be added to this teaching. The Orthodox Church never prescribed to the individual Churches that make up it, uniformity in rites; she always respected and respects local traditions and customs that are not in conflict with the teachings of the Ecumenical Church, and requires uniformity only in those rituals that, relating to the Sacraments, concern their very being. As for church governance, the Orthodox Church has always and everywhere allowed autonomy of the Local Churches, so far as this autonomy would not be in conflict with the main church organization.
For their part, the old Catholics sent an invitation to the congress, which was to be held in Cologne . In response to an invitation from the Society of Lovers of Spiritual Education, the following were sent to Cologne: Protopresbyter John Yanyshev, General Alexander Kireev and Priest of the Orthodox Church in Wiesbaden Arseny Tachalov [6] .
At this congress, which took place on September 20-22, 1872 [9] , the old Catholics regarding reunification with Orthodoxy said: βUnity is not uniform ... those who want to reunite their confessions must abandon the desire to impose their national characteristics on another nation ... a confession can be achieved only on the basis of the Holy Scriptures and the universal confession of the ancient church, set forth in the teachings of the undivided church of the first centuries β [6] .
The Cologne Congress established a commission led by Ignaz von DΓΆllinger , whose duties included entering into negotiations with the Orthodox Church, as well as Protestant societies on the issue of unity [6] .
Archpriest Joseph Vasiliev , General Alexander Kireev and priest Arseniy Tachalov were present from Russia at the Third Old Catholic Congress, held in Constanta in 1873 , from Russia [6] .
On January 19, 1874, on behalf of the council of the St. Petersburg department of the Society, General Alexander Kireev sent a letter addressed to the old Catholic professor Joseph Langen , in which he confirmed the principles of reunification adopted by the Cologne Congress. A list of βDogmatic and main ritual differences that distinguish the Western church from the Eastern Orthodoxβ was attached to the letter to determine the degree of Orthodox Christianity of the old Catholics. The list indicated six dogmatic (about the Church and its Head; about the Holy Spirit; About the Blessed Virgin Mary; about good deeds; about sins; about the afterlife) and seven ritual-canonical (about the symbol of faith; about the sacrament of baptism; about the sacrament of anointing; the sacrament of the Eucharist; the sacrament of repentance; the sacrament of marriage; the sacrament of bare sanctification) of the βdifferencesβ between the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) churches [6] .
On February 26, 1874, at a meeting of the Society of Lovers of Spiritual Education, an answer was read out, written by Professor Langen, who noted that the teachings of the Western Church are not fully expressed in the scheme, he also asked the Orthodox side to make a more strict distinction between concepts of dogma and private (optional) opinion . In turn, Langen sent notes to the scheme of dogmatic and ritual-canonical differences, in which he corrected some of the provisions, which, in his opinion, turned out to be inaccurate, and spoke out from the standpoint of old Catholicism on every single point [6] .
In September 1874, the fourth Old Catholic Congress was held in Freiburg , in which the Russian Church was attended by the same people as the third Old Catholic Congress, as well as the delegate from the Moscow department of the Society of Lovers of Spiritual Education Fyodor Sukhotin . The idea of ββreunification at the congress was expressed by many speakers [6] .
The St. Petersburg department of the Society of Lovers of Spiritual Education had a serious influence on the convening of interfaith Bonn conferences, convincing the old Catholic leaders of the need for convening an interfaith conference [5] .
September 13β16, 1874, the first Bonn conference was held, in which members of the St. Petersburg Department of the All-Russian Social Democratic Party took part - Archpriest John Yanyshev, Archpriest Arseny Tachalov, as well as Alexander Kireev and Mikhail Sukhotin . Fifteen issues were discussed concerning Scripture and Holy Tradition, Filioque , the doctrine of justification, the doctrine of the sacraments, the confession, the Eucharistic sacrifice, the Catholic dogma of the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary, prayer for the departed, invocation of saints and the canonicity of the Anglican hierarchy [5] .
On August 11β16, 1875, the second Bonn conference was held, in which Archpriest John Yanyshev, Archpriest Arseny Tachalov, Mikhail Sukhotin, Ivan Osinin, Tertiy Filippov , Fyodor Turner took part from the Russian Orthodox Church. In addition, Anglican theologians attended the conference [6] . The conference discussed the issue of filioque . Old Catholics recognized this insertion in the Creed as illegal, but did not want to abandon the teaching contained in it. As a result, after lengthy discussions, six points were adopted, taken from the writings of John of Damascus [5] .
No further interfaith conferences were proposed, and the emerging informal dialogue between representatives of Orthodoxy and Old Catholicism virtually ceased for several reasons. The old Catholic professor, Ignaz von DΓΆllinger, explained the conclusion of the dialogue by agitation, which was conducted against the unification of the old Catholics with the Orthodox by Dr. Josef Overbeck . But, in the opinion of Deacon Daniil Toropov, the main reason that led to a temporary suspension of communication was the sympathy of the old Catholics for the Anglican Church, introducing fundamental contradictions between the old Catholics and the Orthodox [5] . In addition, drawing closer to the Anglicans, the Old Catholics no longer felt isolated from other Christian societies. Protopresbyter John Yanishev wrote about relations with the Old Catholics: βWe Russians are completely alien and distant people to them. They do not offer us anything and do not expect or ask anything from us β [6] . According to Peter Ben Smith, a professor at Utrech University , βfrom the point of view of old Catholics, the ecumenical dialogue with the Orthodox has always been part of the ecumenical triangle, along with the dialogue with the Anglicans β [10] .
Dialogue within the framework of the St. Petersburg and Rotterdam Commissions (1892-1918)
Negotiations with the old Catholics were not conducted for 15 years. During this time, the old-Catholic issue in Russia managed to be forgotten. Old Catholics began to internalize and consolidate their disparate communities into a single church. The unification ended with the adoption of the Utrecht Declaration in 1889 , the text of which, together with the catechism of the Christian Catholic (Old Catholic) Church of Switzerland, was sent to Protopresbyter John Yanishev. After reviewing the Utrecht Declaration and Catechism, he stated that βin theory, the Eastern and Old Catholic Churches really already agree with each otherβ and that his βalways lively sympathy for the old Catholic movement became even more alive and deeper after reading the published definitionsβ [6] .
At the II Old Catholic Congress in 1892 in Lucerne , a proposal was adopted to establish official relations with the churches of the East, including the Russian Orthodox Church [3] .
On December 15, 1892, by decree of the Holy Synod , a commission was formed in St. Petersburg to clarify the conditions and requirements that could form the basis of negotiations with the old Catholics [3] . The chairman of the commission was Archbishop of Finland Anthony ; It included prominent professors of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy: Ivan Troitsky , Vasily Bolotov , Alexander Katansky , Protopresbyter John Yanyshev. By the end of May 1893, the commission completed its consideration of the questions posed to it and sent a report to the Holy Synod [8] , which listed the dogmatic and canonical differences of the old Catholic Church, as well as which of these differences can and which cannot serve as an obstacle to the adoption of old Catholics into the canonical fellowship with the Orthodox Church [3] .
The conclusion of the St. Petersburg Commission was transmitted to the Archbishop of Utrecht, , in 1894, who proposed its judgments to the conference of the old Catholic bishops held in Rotterdam on August 27, 1894 as part of the III Old Catholic Congress. The conference established the so-called Rotterdam Commission of Dutch, Swiss and German Old Catholic theologians, chaired by Bishop to respond to the conclusion of the St. Petersburg Commission. After the death of Rainkens in January 1896, the Rotterdam Commission was led by Bishop [8] .
The conclusion of the Rotterdam Commission, approved by the Bonn conference on August 4, 1896, went to Russia, and by August 8, 1897, the βSt. Petersburg Commissionβ replied to the βopinion of Rotterdamβ signed by the Archbishop of Finland Anthony [3] . The response of the Rotterdam Commission regarding the filioque in St. Petersburg was considered incomplete: βThe Rotterdam Commission did not say its opinion on the essential point of the teachings of the Orthodox Church about the Holy Trinity.β Old Catholics were again asked to confirm the Orthodox wording of the doctrine of the origin of the Holy Spirit. The Orthodox Commission at the same time noted that the theological opinion of the Son of God as the Cause or Cause of the Holy Spirit "should be avoided, because it does not serve to clarify the dogma of the Holy Trinity." On the question of the Eucharist, St. Petersburg suggested that the old Catholic side agree with 4 points that formulate the Orthodox point of view on this issue. The Utrecht hierarchy was said to be βcanonically wrong, and the hierarchy that came from it is old Catholicβ [6] . The responses conclude with the following conclusion: βSince the Rotterdam commission stated that the old Catholics dogmatically or fundamentally have nothing to say against the wishes of the Russian commission, we can now only express wishes that this statement be actually implemented as soon as possibleβ [3] .
Despite the negotiations of the two commissions favorable for rapprochement between the old Catholics and the Russian church, βprotestant friends of the old Catholicsβ (expression of Archpriest Mikhail Gorchakov ), such as Professor and others, at the Fourth International Congress, which was held from August 31 to September 3 1897 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ [11] , Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ»Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Β«Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΠ±Π²ΠΈΒ» Ρ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ [3] .
19 Π½ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ 1898 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡ Π° ΠΎΡ Π‘ΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 1054 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ²Π΅, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊ Β«Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡΒ», ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«Π½Π΅ Filioque ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π° ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ» Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΒ». Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡ Π΅ Π±ΡΠ» Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° Β« ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β»: Β«Π‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ βΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅β Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡβ¦ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ βΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅β Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΡ, Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΊΡΠΎ Π±Ρ ΠΎΠ½ Π½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Β». Π Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ [6] .
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ , ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° XIX β Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π°Ρ . Π ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° [8] . ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π»Π° Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΡΡ Π° [6] .
Π ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π²Π΅ Β«ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈΒ», ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ. ΠΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ» Π. Π. ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π΅Π² . ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ; ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ Π. Π€. ΠΡΡΠ΅Π² (ΠΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ), ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π. Π. ΠΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² (ΠΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ Π. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (ΠΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ) [12] .
Π 1902 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΉ Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ» Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ (Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ) Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌ Β«Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Β» Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ: Β«Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ?Β» (1902) ΠΈ Β«Π Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈΒ» (1903), Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ , ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ° Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π. Π. ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π΅Π²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ°Π²Π»Π° Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠΌΡΠ³ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π° [13] .
Π 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π»Π° Π ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ²Π΅. ΠΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ. 9 ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° 1908 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ²Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ [6] . ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ [8] .
15 ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 1910 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ-ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ° Π―ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π€Π΅ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΎ Π ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π. Π. ΠΠ°Π±ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ», ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌ [8] .
Π 1913 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΡΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌ ΠΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π―ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡ ΠΡΠ»Ρ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π», ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈΒ» [6] .
ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² 1914 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ [8] .
ΠΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° 7 (20) ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1918 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ, Π² Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ 1918 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° [14] .
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ (1920β1950-Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ)
Π ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ Π² 1920 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π² ΠΠΎΠ·Π°Π½Π½Π΅ Π² 1927 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ , Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° Π² 1930 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ . Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΆΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π΅ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° [8] . ΠΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² Π²ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ [10]
Π ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ 1931 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ², Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π² Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ΠΉ. Π‘ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ: Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ Π£ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ , ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΡΡΠΈ (Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ), Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ ( ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ), ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΡΠ»ΡΡ Π°ΡΠΏΡ (ΠΠΎΠ½Π½) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠ΅Ρ. ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ: ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π€ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ (Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΠΎΡ) ( ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Π°Ρ , ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ» ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ), ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π’ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π‘ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π€Π΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ (ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΈ) ( ΠΠ½ΡΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ), ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ (ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΊ) ( Π ΡΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ), ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠΉ (ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡ) ( ΠΠΈΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ), ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π’ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏ (ΠΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡ) ( ΠΠ»Π»Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ), Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΉ ΠΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π² (ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ), ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ Π€Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ (ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅Π²Π°ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ) ΠΈ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉ (Π§ΠΈΡΠΈΡ) ( Π‘Π΅ΡΠ±ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ) [15] . ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ [10] . Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ 1931 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ (ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ ), Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π° 1932 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ . ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π² 1932 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ» [8] .
Π ΠΌΠ°Π΅ 1948 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ Π£ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅Π°Ρ Π ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π ΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ I , Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΠ°Π» Π ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΎ XV ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π₯ΠΈΠ»Π²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅ (ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄Ρ). Π ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ [8] .
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° (1961β1975)
I Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1961 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΡ Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠ·Ρ Ρ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡΒ» [16] .
III Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1964 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²-Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ²Β», ΠΎ Β«ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ Β» ΠΈ Β«ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ΠΉΒ» [16] .
Π ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ 1966 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΠ΅Π»Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² [17] :
- ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ;
- ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ° Π ΠΈΠΌΠ° ;
- ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π²Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ;
- ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ;
- ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ;
- ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ±Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°;
- ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ· Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π° Π²Π΅ΡΡ ;
- ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ 1054 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ;
- ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° Π² Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ [16] :
- Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ;
- Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ;
- ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ½ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ;
- ΠΠΈΠΊΠ΅ΠΎ-Π¦Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡ;
- Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ;
- Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠ²Π° ;
- Π’ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
- ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ;
- ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π’Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ² ;
- ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ;
- ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ;
- ΠΏΠΎΡΡ ;
- ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡ [17] .
ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ²Π΅, Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ, Π’Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ [16] .
IV ΠΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ , ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΅ Π² Π¨Π°ΠΌΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΈ Ρ 8 ΠΏΠΎ 15 ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ 1968 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° , ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Β«ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈΒ» ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡ Β«ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Β» Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π» ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ²Π΅; 18 ΠΈΡΠ»Ρ 1970 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π² Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ [16] .
Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ (1975β1987)
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ 20β28 Π°Π²Π³ΡΡΡΠ° 1975 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π¨Π°ΠΌΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π² Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ [16] .
23β30 Π°Π²Π³ΡΡΡΠ° 1977 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π¨Π°ΠΌΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π²Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°: Β«Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΒ» ΠΈ Β«Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΒ» [18] .
Π Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ 60-Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ 25 ΠΌΠ°Ρ 1978 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π» [19] :
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ Ρ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³. ΠΡ ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°. Π£ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
20β24 Π°Π²Π³ΡΡΡΠ° 1979 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΊΠ»Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π°. Π§Π»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°: Β«ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΒ» ΠΈ Β«ΠΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΒ». ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΌ [20] .
15β22 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1981 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΠΊΠ»Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²: Β«ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ Π² Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΒ», Β«ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΒ», Β«Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΒ» ΠΈ Β«ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠ²Π°Β» [21] .
3β9 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1983 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π¨Π°ΠΌΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ: Β«ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π° Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΒ», Β«ΠΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Β», Β«ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΡΡ Π° Π² Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ» [22]
30 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ β 5 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1985 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ (ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄Ρ) Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Β«Π’Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ: ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΠ²Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΒ» [23] .
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π 1985 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ± ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΅Π²Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ [24] .
III ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ 28 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ β 6 Π½ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ 1986 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² Π¨Π°ΠΌΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ [17] :
Π‘ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π’Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Ρ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π’Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Ρ ΠΠ²Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡβ¦ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΊΠ»Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠ±Π° ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΊΠ»Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ.
Π‘ 12 ΠΏΠΎ 20 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1987 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΠ°Π²Π°Π» (ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ) ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ VII ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ. ΠΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ (ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ) (ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ Π°Ρ) ΠΈ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ½ ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅ (Π₯ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ). ΠΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π€ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΡΠ½ΡΡ Π₯Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈΠ΄Ρ [16] . ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ΅: Β«Π’Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Β», Β«Π’Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°Β», Β«Π’Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ», Β«Π’Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΒ», Β«Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Β», Β«Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΒ». ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΌ [17] .
ΠΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ. ΠΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ III ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ [17] .
ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅
This dialogue was the only theological dialogue that culminated in the signing of a document with Orthodox beliefs from the heterodox [25] . However, the signed documents have not been ratified. Moreover, in 1994, German Old Catholics, following the Anglicans, approved the female priesthood . The first such consecration took place in 1996. Similar decisions were soon made by the old Catholics of Austria, Poland and the Netherlands [26] . Such actions actually rejected everything that was adopted during the dialogue with the Orthodox [25] . As noted in the " Orthodox Encyclopedia ", "after the first priestly ordination of a woman <...> the situation became uncertain" [17] .
According to the professor of the Moscow Theological Academy and participant in inter-church contacts, Alexei Osipov :
This dialogue was very successful, and it ended in 1987. After this, only one thing remained - for the Orthodox churches, for their part, and the old Catholics to approve these decisions on their higher bodies and then make decisions on Eucharistic communion and unification. However, none of this happened. The Old Catholics, without any doubt, having signed all the agreements on all the sacraments, including the priesthood, the Eucharist, without any embarrassment entered into Eucharistic communion with the extreme Protestant churches. They began to establish the female priesthood. And the dialogue, so brilliantly conducted (for some 10 years everything was decided), ended without any glory and result [27] .
As Archpriest Vsevolod Chaplin noted in 2011 [1] ,
at one time there was a very deep theological dialogue aimed at reuniting them with Orthodoxy. However, the problem is that modern old Catholics, in their way of life and moral preferences, are closer to Protestants than to Catholics. They had a female priesthood, many other liberal innovations.
In 2004, on the initiative of the Patriarch of Constantinople and Archbishop Utrecht, a permanent working group was created to reflect and exchange. It is expected that this working party will stimulate joint projects, pastoral and theological [28] .
Literature
- "Orthodox-Catholic meeting" // Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate. M., 1973. No. 9. p. 8.
- Skobey Gregory. βA new page in the Orthodox-Old Catholic dialogueβ // Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate. M., 1976. No. 4. P. 67-68
- Skobey Gregory. βThe Orthodox-Catholic dialogue continuesβ // Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate. M., 1978. No. 3 pp. 63-65
- Skobei G. βThe Orthodox-Catholic dialogue continuesβ // Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate. M., 1980. No. 2. p. 67.
- Augustine (Nikitin) , archimandrite. Orthodox-Catholic dialogue // Theological works . Anniversary collection dedicated to the 175th anniversary of the Leningrad Theological Seminary. 1986 . S. 47-62
- Participation of the St. Petersburg department of the Society of Lovers of Spiritual Education in the negotiations of representatives of the Old Catholics with the Russian Orthodox Church // "Bulletin of the Orthodox St. Tikhon Humanitarian University." No. 40/2011
- Peter-Ben Smit A Dialogue of Paradoxes: Orthodox - Old Catholic Dialogue, in: Katya Tolstaya (ed.), Orthodox Paradoxes (Leiden: Brill, 2014) // academia.edu
Further reading
- Project Canterbury. β Relations Between the Orthodox and Old Catholic Churches .β The Christian East . 1932, 13: 3.4; pp. 91-98.
Notes
- β 1 2 Archpriest Vsevolod Chaplin on ecumenism, pay for demands and conflicts with relatives // Orthodoxy and Peace , July 15, 2011
- β Deacon George Maximov. Foreign mission of the Orthodox Church today // pravoslavie.ru , April 22, 2013
- β 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Professor prot. M. Gorchakov. Old Catholics and the Old Catholic Church // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- β E. A. Kopylova βThe activities of the St. Petersburg department of the Moscow Society of Lovers of Spiritual Education to familiarize Western Christians with Orthodoxy (1871-1880)β // Bulletin of the Orthodox St. Tikhon Humanitarian University. Series 2: History. History of the Russian Orthodox Church. Issue No. 52 (3) / 2013
- β 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 D.A. Toropov. The role of the St. Petersburg department of the Society of Lovers of Spiritual Education at the first stage of negotiations between representatives of the Russian Church and the Old Catholics (1871-1875) // β Church and Time β, No. 2 (59) 2012
- β 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Vladimir Gerasimov. The Old Catholic Question in Russia in the 19th β 20th Centuries. Moscow. 2003 year.
- β Khoruzhiy S. S. Modern problems of the Orthodox worldview. Internet publication of the Omega web center, 2002. 144 p.
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- β Priest Valentin Ulyakhin. The Russian Orthodox Church and the ecumenical movement of the 19th β 20th centuries // Annual Theological Conference: Materials 1997
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- β 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 G. N. Skobei β Towards the end of the Orthodox-Old Catholic theological dialogue β // Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate , No. 5, 1988
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- β Documents of the Fifth meeting of the Joint Theological Commission on the Orthodox-Old Catholic Dialogue (October 3-9, 1983, Chambesy, Switzerland) // Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate. M., 1986. No. 6. p. 58-61.
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- β Catholic Diocese of the Old-Catholics in Germany
- β 1 2 Pan-Orthodox Conference βECUMENISM: Origins - Hopes - Disappointments" (September 20-24, 2004) ; Original in Greek: ΞΞΞΞ‘ΞΞΞΞΞΞΞ ΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞΞ Ξ£Ξ₯ΞΞΞΞ‘ΞΞΞ ΞΞΞΞΞ₯ΞΞΞΞΞ£ΞΞΞ£ ΞΞΞ½Ξ΅ΟΞΉΟ - Ξ ΟΞΏΟδοκίαι - ΞΞΉΞ±ΟΞ΅ΟΟΡιΟ
- β George D. Chryssides, Margaret Z. Wilkins Christians in the Twenty-First Century on Google Books
- β Prof. A. I. Osipov: βOn Ecumenismβ // Theological video channel on youtube.com
- β Relations with the Orthodox Churches