Kangsei

Beginning and end of an era: ^{[6] [7] [3]}

• The 25th day of the 1st moon of the 9th year Temmei (according to the Gregorian calendar - February 19, 1789);
• 5th day of the 2nd moon of the 13th year of Kangsei (according to the Gregorian calendar - March 19, 1801).

The name Nengo was borrowed from the ancient Chinese composition of Zuo Zhuang : 「施 之 以 寛 、 寛 以 済 猛 、 猛 以 済 寛 、 政 是以 和」 ^[5] .

The Kangsei era was marked by a series of reforms known as the Kangsei Reforms . The main ideologist of the reforms, Matsudaira Sadanobu , became the main adviser to the shogun ( roju ) in 1787, and at the beginning of next year became regent under the new 11th shogun Tokugawa Ienari . The transformations were a reactionary response to the actions of the previous roju, Tanuma Okitsugu , whose attempts at liberal shogunate reform were forgotten.

• 1790 (2nd year of Kansai) - Matsudaira Sadanobu issued a decree “Kansei igaku no kin” (“On the prohibition of other teachings”, “Edict on the prohibition of the dissemination of unorthodox philosophical teachings”) ^[8] ;
• 1790 (2nd year of Kansai) - a labor re-education camp was established in the capital ( Ninsoku Yoseba ). Its founder is the head of the Hasegawa Heizo police detachment against arson and robbery (1745-1795). In the swamped mouth of the Sumida River, a site of 53,000 m2 was fenced and two barracks were put there (later a third one was added to them) ^[9] ;
• February 1792 (4th year of Kansai) - eruption of the unzen volcano (modern Nagasaki prefecture ). The eruption claimed the lives of 5 thousand people in the city of Shimabara , and the subsequent tsunami - another 10 thousand lives ^[10] ;
• 1798 (10th year of Kangsei) - calendar reform of the Kangsei years ( 寛 政 暦 ) ;
• 1800 (Kansai's 12th year) - the entire urban population of the country totaled 3 million 970 thousand people ^[11] ;

The table below shows the correspondence of Japanese traditional and European chronology. In parentheses to the year number of the Japanese era, the name of the corresponding year from the 60-year cycle of the Chinese Gan-chi system is indicated . The Japanese months are traditionally called moons .

^{* An} asterisk indicates short months (moons) of 29 days. The remaining months last 30 days.

• Kontsevich L.R. Chronology of the countries of East and Central Asia . - Moscow: Eastern Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2010. - S. 695-803. - 806 s. - ISBN 978-5-02-036350-2 .
• Petrova O.P., Goreglyad V.N. Slogans of rule // Description of Japanese manuscripts, woodcuts and early printed books. Vol. I .. - Moscow: Oriental literature , 1963. - S. 204-210. - 243 p.
• Prasol A.F. From Edo to Tokyo and vice versa. Culture, life and customs of Japan of the Tokugawa era . - Astrel, Corpus, 2012 .-- 528 s. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-271-43462-4 .
• (Fr.) Isaac Titsingh . Nihon give itiran, or Review of Imperial Reigns in Japan = Nipon o daï itsi ran, ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. - Paris, 1834. - 460 p.
• (English) William Bramsen. Chronological tables // Japanese chronological tables, showing the date, according to the Julian or Gregorian calendar, of the first day of each Japanese month: from Tai-kwa 1st year to Mei-ji 6th year (645 AD to 1873 AD): with an introductory essay On Japanese chronology and calendars . - 1910. - P. 50-131.