Biting moths [1] ( lat. Ceratopogonidae ) - a family of very small (the largest species in the world do not exceed 4 mm, the vast majority less than 1 mm) dipterous insects of the suborder long-bred , adult females of which in most cases are a component of the gnat complex. Their bites cause itching, swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In addition, certain species of biting midges are intermediate hosts of horse onchocerci. [2]
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 Biting female Culicoides sonorensis | ||||||||||||||||
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| Ceratopogonidae Newman , 1834 | ||||||||||||||||
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Content
Range
Biting eggs inhabit all continents except Antarctica .
Lifestyle
Like all other dipteran insects , biting midges have 4 phases of development: egg , larva , pupa , and imago . Moreover, all phases, except adults, live in reservoirs, or are semi-aquatic and semi-soil inhabitants. Biting midges are saprophages or predators that feed on aquatic and soil organisms or their debris. Nutrition of adults is diverse. Representatives of different genera of the family can be saprophages , phytophages , predators , and their nutrition can be twofold: female biting midges drink the blood of mammals , birds or reptiles ; at the same time, both males and females feed on the nectar of flowering plants .
Systematics
The systematics of biting midges has not been established at the moment; new species and genera also open up in the 21st century. The following is the most commonly accepted taxonomy according to ITIS :
- Family: Bats ( Ceratopogonidae Newman , 1834 ) [ syn. Leptoconopidae, Helidae, Heleidae ]
- Subfamily : Austroconopinae Szadziewski
- Genus : Austroconops Wirth & Lee , 1958
- β Genus: Archiaustroconops Szadziewski , 1996
- Subfamily: Ceratopogoninae Newman, 1834
- Tribe : Ceratopogonini [ syn. Stilobezziini ]
- Genus: Allohelea Kieffer , 1917
- Genus: Alluaudomyia Kieffer, 1913
- Genus: Brachypogon Kieffer, 1899
- Genus: Ceratoculicoides Wirth & Ratanaworabhan , 1971
- Genus: Ceratopogon Meigen , 1803
- Genus: Downeshelea Wirth & Grogan , 1988
- Genus: Echinohelea Macfie , 1940
- Genus: Monohelea Kieffer, 1917
- Genus: Parabezzia Malloch , 1915
- Genus: Rhynchohelea Wirth & Blanton , 1970
- Genus: Schizohelea Kieffer, 1917
- Genus: Serromyia Meigen, 1818
- Genus: Stilobezzia Kieffer, 1911
- Tribe: Culicoidini Kieffer, 1911
- Genus: Culicoides Latreille , 1809
- Genus: Paradasyhelea Macfie, 1940
- Tribe: Heteromyiini Wirth, 1962
- Genus: Clinohelea Kieffer, 1917
- Genus: Heteromyia Say , 1825
- Genus: Neurobezzia Wirth & Ratanaworabhan, 1972
- Genus: Neurohelea Kieffer, 1925
- Genus: Pellucidomyia Macfie, 1939
- Tribe: Palpomyiini Enderlein , 1936
- Genus: Amerohelea Grogan & Wirth, 1981
- Genus: Bezzia Kieffer, 1899
- Genus: Pachyhelea Wirth, 1959
- Genus: Palpomyia Meigen, 1818
- Genus: Phaenobezzia Haeselbarth , 1965
- Tribe: Sphaeromiini Newman, 1834
- Genus: Jenkinshelea Macfie, 1934
- Genus: Johannsenomyia Malloch, 1915
- Genus: Macropeza Meigen, 1818
- Genus: Mallochohelea Wirth , 1962
- Genus: Nilobezzia Kieffer, 1921
- Genus: Probezzia Kieffer, 1906
- Genus: Sphaeromias Curtis , 1928
- Tribe: Stenoxenini Coquillett , 1899
- Genus: Paryphoconus Enderlein, 1912
- Genus: Stenoxenus Coquillett, 1899
- Tribe : Ceratopogonini [ syn. Stilobezziini ]
- Subfamily: Dasyheleinae Lenz , 1934
- Genus: Dasyhelea Kieffer, 1911
- Subfamily: Forcipomyiinae Lenz, 1934
- Genus: Atrichopogon Kieffer, 1906
- Genus: Forcipomyia Meigen, 1818
- β Subfamily: Lebanoculicoidinae Borkent , 2000
- β Genus: Lebanoculicoides Szadziewski, 1996
- β Species: Lebanoculicoides mesozoicus Szadziewski, 1996
- β Genus: Lebanoculicoides Szadziewski, 1996
- Subfamily: Leptoconopinae Noè , 1907
- Genus: Leptoconops Skuse , 1889
- Subfamily : Austroconopinae Szadziewski
Significance in nature
Biting eggs are an integral component of natural communities . The number of groups of animals for which they are food is tens.
Significance in human life
Bats are carriers of dangerous diseases: tularemia [3] , Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever [4] , eastern horse encephalomyelitis , sheepβs blue tongue disease , cattle and human filariasis . In addition, their bites can cause an allergic reaction (see Ceratopogonidosis ).
Notes
- β Animal life. Volume 3. Arthropods: trilobites, chelicerae, tracheal breathing. Onychophors / ed. M.S. Gilyarova , F.N. Pravdina, Ch. ed. V. E. Sokolov . - 2nd ed. - M .: Education, 1984. - S. 397. - 463 p.
- β V.S. Ershov et al. Parasitology and invasive diseases of farm animals. - M. , 1959. - 492 p.
- β Vector carriers
- β "Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology" Textbook.V.I. Pokrovsky, S.G. Pak, N.I. Briko, B.K. Danilkin, M., GEOTAR-MED, 2004, p. 685.n
Sources
- Borkent, A. 2006. World Species of Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Download PDF
Links
- The Ceratopogonid Web Page at Belmont University Website