Gabriel Belostoksky , or Gabriel Zabludovsky (real name Gabriel Petrovich Govdel ; March 22 ( April 2 ) 1684 - April 20 (30), 1690 ) is an Orthodox saint, a martyr , according to the ideas circulated among believers of the Orthodox Church, tortured by Jews [1] . The memory in the Orthodox Church takes place on April 20 ( May 3 ).
| Gabriel Bialystok | |
|---|---|
Icon of Gabriel of Bialystok | |
| Birth | March 22 ( April 1 ) 1684 Zverki village near the town of Zabludova |
| Death | April 20 (April 30 ) 1690 (6 years) near the city of Zabludova |
| Is revered | in the Russian Orthodox Church , Polish Orthodox Church |
| In the face | martyrs |
| Day of Remembrance | April 20 ( May 3 ) |
Content
Biography of Gabriel Bialystok from Church Sources
In the 6th part of the History of the Russian Hierarchy published in 1815, Archimandrite Ambrose (Ornatsky) (future bishop of Penza and Saratov), ββciting monastery notes of the Slutsk Holy Trinity Monastery, reported that Gabriel was born in 1684 in the village of near the city of Zabludov , and in 1690 he was kidnapped by a Jewish tenant from the same village, tortured and thrown into the field to be eaten by birds. Gabriel's parents found the body and buried it in the . After 30 years, the relics were acquired intact and put into the church cellar, and on May 9, 1775 they were transferred from Zabludov to the Slutsky monastery by the archimandrite of the said monastery Mikhail Kazachinsky [2] . In the same way, the story of Gabriel of Bialystok is retold in the Historical Dictionary of Saints Glorified in the Russian Church, and of Some Devotees of Piety Locally Honored (St. Petersburg, 1862) [1] .
The article of the Orthodox Encyclopedia , published in 2005, without specifying the primary sources, sets out the version of the burial in a different way. It is said that Gabriel's parents found the body and buried it in a cemetery in his native village. The martyrdom of Gabriel was the subject of legal proceedings, the results of the case were recorded in the "books of the right Magdeburg Zabludovskaya." During the epidemic in 1720, local residents tried to bury the dead children near the grave of Gabriel. During one of these funerals, Gabrielβs coffin was accidentally touched and his imperishable relics were discovered. They were transferred to the crypt of the Zverkovskaya church. In 1746, the church burned down, but the relics of Gabriel remained unharmed. Only the childβs pen was burned, in the same year the relics were transferred to the Zabludovsky Assumption Monastery, after the relics were transferred, the childβs pen miraculously healed and became covered with skin. In 1755, the relics from Zabludov were transferred to the Slutsky monastery .
| Syllabic Verses on the tomb of Gabriel [3] : "Arendar is a Jew from the Beasts, |
In the brochure β Note on Ritual Murders β published in 1913 and attributed to Vladimir Dal [4] , it is reported that in the Minsk province, near Slutsk, in Holy Trinity Monastery, the relics of baby Gabriel, who was tortured by the Jews in 1690, are reposed. The inscription tells all the details of this incident; the crime was committed in Bialystok, the corpse was found in thick bread, with the usual signs in these cases. Dogs barked with their bodies the body of a baby, later recognized as a local saint. Prayer songs are known in honor of him, known as troparia and kondak . The Jew, the tenant of the Joke, was the main killer. There are no monuments left on judicial proceedings in this case due to fires. β
On the official portal of the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, as well as in the Orthodox Encyclopedia, Gabrielβs biography is provided with a number of other details. It is reported that Gabriel was born on March 22 (April 2), 1684 in the village of Zverki, near the town of Zabludova near Bialystok ( Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , now Poland ) in the family of Orthodox peasants Peter and Anastasia Govdel. On April 11, 1690, while the childβs mother was carrying lunch in the field to his father, an unattended six-year-old boy disappeared and was found dead a few days later in the field. During the absence of parents, the local Jewish tenant, βa member of the savage Judaic sectβ [5] jokingly, caressed the child, took him with him to Bialystok, where (in some versions, together with other local Jews) he subjected the boy to ritual tortures imitating for nine days the passions of Christ : nailed hands and feet to the wall and pierced his side, thus bleeding. After the death of the child, his body was thrown out by torturers in the field. Stray dogs not only did not attack the body, but also drove the birds away from it for three days. Gabriel was buried near the cemetery church in Zverki. His martyrdom occurred on April 20 (according to the Julian calendar) and is now celebrated on May 3 . Thirty years later, in 1720, during another burial, Gabrielβs coffin was accidentally touched and it was discovered that his body had not decayed. This news spread among the Orthodox and strengthened the veneration of the martyr. The relics were transferred to the church crypt in the village of Zverki. In 1746, this church burned down, but the relics of Gabriel survived.
On the official portal of the Belarusian Exarchate, it is alleged that the case βabout the murder of the lad Gabrielβ was investigated in Zabludovβs court, and the criminals suffered a well-deserved punishment: βFor those who want extensive Vedati, we send them to the books of Zabludovskiyβs moral Magdeburgβ [6] .
History of Canonization
In 1755, the relics of the saint were transferred by a procession to the Slutsky Holy Trinity Monastery . The coffin with the body of Gabriel lay open, the body was chopped. A sign was attached to the cancer: βThe relics of the baby Gabriel Gavdelyuchenko from the village of Zverki, Zabludovskago County, born March 1684, 22 days, and the martyred from the Jews in White Stoke 1690 April 20 days. About this, who longs for more than the Vedati, he is sent to the books of the rightful Magdeburg of Slutskaya. May 1755, 9 days, for the prosperous reign of the most brilliant Prince Jerome. β
Various authors on the canonization of Gabriel provide opposite information. An article in the Orthodox Encyclopedia, published in 2005, states that Gabriel canonized the Russian Orthodox Church in 1820 [5] . On the official website of the BiaΕystok Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Miracle Worker , which now contains the relics of Gabriel, without specifying the primary sources and references, it is said that in 1820, in the centenary of the discovery of the relics, the martyr Gabriel was canonized, the Patriarch of Constantinople Gregory V declared the canonization act [7] . The historian of the Russian Church, Evgeny Golubinsky, in his fundamental work βThe History of the Canonization of Saints in the Russian Churchβ (1903) writes that there was no official canonization on behalf of the Holy Synod of baby Gabriel even as a locally revered saint [8] . Golubinskyβs research on the absence of canonization by the Holy Synod Gabriel is confirmed by a member of the Holy Synod since 1819, Metropolitan of Moscow Filaret (Drozdov) . In one of his writings, written in the 1820s on the inclusion of Gabriel in the βHistorical Dictionary of the Saints of the Orthodox Russian Churchβ, based on the testimony of βHistory of the Hierarchy,β Filaret writes that βneither this story nor the church cellar (about which it was mentioned in the story of gaining the relics of Gabriel), neither Archimandrite Kazachinsky has the right to bewitch the saints β [3] .
Gabriel was revered by individual citizens of Slutsk and by individuals of nearby settlements. In Russia proper Gabriel was completely unknown for a long time. Golubinsky in the monograph "The History of the Canonization of Saints in the Russian Church" placed Gabriel's name in the "List of the deceased, actually revered." The theologian and historian Filaret (Gumilevsky) , Archbishop of Chernigov, in his work βRussian Saints Revered by the Whole Church or Locally: An Experience of Describing Their Lives,β published in 1865, placed Gabrielβs life under the date April 20, in which he wrote: βZhid Schutko - the tenant Zverkov, caressed the child, brought him into his house and took him to the White Stoke; here, the runaway Yids tormented the lad without mercy. Carrying him into a dark place they crucified him and blew blood from his side, then pricked him with various instruments until they released all the blood and threw the dead body into the field. The dogs ran around the body for three days and barked the birds of prey from it. By the same bark they found a tortured body and presented to Zabludovo. According to the wound in the side and other signs, it was obvious that the blood was released from the lad by the savagery of the Jews and the suffering death of the innocent lad was recorded in the local book of Zabludov at the same time; the Jews are forensically convicted of a crime; the body is interred β [9] [10] . Filaret (Gumilevsky) in the book quotes ancient Polish verses by archimandrite Mikhail Kozachinsky. The painter and art historian Fyodor Solntsev created the iconographic image of Gabriel for the book of Filaret. The crucified Gabriel is depicted on a large cross. The cross is fixed in the trough, in which blood flows from the wounds from the nails in the arms, legs, and from the punctured body in trickles (collected blood - for further use in savage rituals). Gabriel's whole body is covered in bloody spots, his shirt is lowered to the waist, the trough is placed on a stand. On the floor are a hammer, pincers, two knives - one of which has a sharp end.
| Polish ancient poems Mikhail Kozachinsky: "Gdie sie zydzi wnet insi pozbegali, |
In 1793, during the second partition of Poland, Slutsk became part of the Russian Empire as a county town in the Minsk province . At the end of the 19th century, the veneration of Gabriel due to the activities of the diocesan authorities was especially widespread in the Lithuanian and Grodno dioceses; in 1893 it was prescribed to have the icons of Gabriel in all the churches of the dioceses; in 1894, a chapel was set up at the alleged site of Peter Govdelβs hut in Zverki, and an annual procession from Zabludov to Zverki was established on April 20; in 1895 the church was consecrated in the name of the Slutsk martyr in the town of Druskeniky, Grodno district [3] . βThe service to the Holy Martyr baby Gabriel, in the summer of God 1690 from the Jews tormented by the Jews in Bialystok, who still rested with imperishable relics in the city of Slutskβ appeared in 1908 (compiled by Archbishop Anthony of Volyn and Zhytomyr).
In 1915, priest John Vostorgov exhibited a fragment of Gabrielβs relics for worship in St. Basilβs Cathedral in Moscow. In 1919, a number of clergymen from the cathedral for performing prayers before these relics were brought to trial by the βrevolutionary courtβ on charges of βhateful agitationβ [11] .
According to the Orthodox Encyclopedia , Gabriel Bialystok is revered as the patron saint of children, his memory is celebrated on April 20 (May 3) and May 9 (22) [5] .
In church sources, numerous cases of healing from the relics of Gabriel were reported [12] .
BiaΕystok Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker
Cult History in the 20th β 21st Centuries
At the trial in the β Beilis case β, the prosecution presented Gabrielβs relics as an argument on his part [13] .
In 1908, part of the relics of Gabriel was transferred from Slutsk to the Zhirovichi monastery [14] .
The veneration of Gabriel Bialystok was restored during the Nazi occupation of Belarus with the support of the Germans. His relics from the Museum of Atheism were transferred to the Cathedral of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Minsk. In the village of Zabludovo, with the money of the occupying German authorities, a church was built where part of the relics were placed. In 1944, during the retreat, the Nazis helped organize the transportation of relics from Minsk to Grodno to the Church of the Protection of the Mother of God , where they were in the basement until 1992 [15] .
In 1992, with the blessing of the Patriarchal Exarch of Belarus, Metropolitan Filaret, the relics were transferred to the Polish Orthodox Church . The Archbishop of BiaΕystok-GdaΕsk Savva (Grytsunyak) (who became Primate of the Polish Orthodox Church in 1998) solemnly transferred them to St. Nicholas Cathedral in Bialystok, where they are now the subject of pilgrimage. In the village of Zverki there is a nunnery of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, where a church was built in the name of Gabriel of Bialystok, which is a place of pilgrimage for both Russian and Polish Orthodox churches [16] .
In August 2012, Patriarch Kirill bowed to the relics of Gabriel Bialystok during his visit to Poland [17] [18] .
Gymnography
In 1855, a prayer was composed to the martyr Gabriel - hegumen Modest , rector of the Slutsk seminary [10] . Filaret (Gumilevsky) in his book βRussian Saints Honored by the Whole Church or Locally: An Experience of Describing Their Lifeβ (1865) quotes the condak to Gabriel. The kondak and troparia to Gabriel are written by the archimandrite of the Slutsky monastery Dosifei (Golyakhovsky). The service was written later, in 1908 (author - Anthony (Khrapovitsky) ). Its name is βThe service to the holy martyr Gabriel the Infant, who was blessed with the 1690th death of the Holy Fatherβ, it was printed in 1908 in the printing house of the Pochaev Lavra . This service is located in April Minea (April 20). Mineas published with the blessing of Patriarch Alexy II in 2002 - second edition; earlier these same Mineas were published in 1978-1989 - the first edition. The service to Gabriel in Minea is polyelein .
2nd stichera with βLord Criesβ, voice of the 2nd:
| The Jewish congregation is gathering, * from Brest and the Great, * and the immaculate infant, the martyr will be presented. * Oh, the lawless, oh, the unbelievers, who were not overpowered, and which were not overpowered, * , the holy martyr reverently reverently, * that day we will call upon you to pray, * about that same cruelty we will rid ourselves of * and save our souls. |
Troparion, voice 5th:
| Holy young child Gabriel, you for the Blessed One, we were glad of the Jewish one, and the child was bored in the ribs, and for the Exhausted His blood, all of you were much shorter and shorter Therefore, we pray for those who honor your memory, asking us for the health of our bodies and the salvation of our souls. |
Kondak, voice 6th:
| Your Fatherland The Beast is quicker, the martyr of Christ of Gabriel, ideally from the true beasts - the Jews are admirable: the same was left to the parent deprived, all the same, he endured the whole heavens. Admire us and from all misfortunes and sorrows, and begged, we pray, to improve your eternal inheritance. |
Gabriel Churches
In honor of Gabriel, several temples were consecrated:
. Π§Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. Π‘Π΅ΠΌΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ .
Π‘ΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ± Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π°
Π 1919 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ± Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΠ»Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Β«ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π°Β». 26 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1919 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΠ»Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ Π ΠΠ(Π±) ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΠΠ ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ Π° ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°; ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ-ΡΡΠΈΠΊ, Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Β«ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΈΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρβ¦ ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΠ» Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΡΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ². Π‘Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»Β». 27 ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1919 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° , ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ Π ΠΠ(Π±) ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ; ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Π³ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»: Β«ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ», Π·Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈβ¦ ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠ΅Β». ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ β Π ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ β Π’Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π²Π°, ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π‘Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ . ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ (Π² 2,5 ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ 3,7 ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ) Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°; ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ; ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ. 17 Π½ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ 1919 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ , ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄, Π² ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π·Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π°. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΠΎΠ°Π½Π½ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ Π² 1918 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ) ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅, ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ» Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ» Π²ΠΎΠ·Π»Π΅ Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π° Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΉ ΠΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π» ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π°, ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ» Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΡΡΡ ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² . ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΡΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΅ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΊ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Ρ:
| Π’ΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΡ, Π³Π»Π°Ρ 5. Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π΅, ΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ Π±ΡΠ» Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ, Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π² Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·Π²Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π» Π΅ΡΠΈ! ΠΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π²Π΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ β ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π΄Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ, Π½ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΌ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ. |
| ΠΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΊ, Π³Π»Π°Ρ 6. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π΅, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠ΄Π΅Π΅Π² Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ Π°Π±ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΠ° ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄Ρ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π², Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π±Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ; Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ, ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅, ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅. |
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Π‘ΡΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»: Β«ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π³Ρ. ΠΡΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π³Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΡ Π»Π΅ΡΒ», ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ» Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ² Π² ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ; ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΈ-ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠΈΠΊ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π² Π£Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠ»Π°Π²ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ . ΠΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅:
| Π£ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π³Π». 5 ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ° Π³Π». 6 Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ , ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ . [nineteen] |
ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π΅Π² [20] ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° , ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΠ΄Π°ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° .
Π 1823 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Β« ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΆΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Β», Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π°. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π° ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² 1720-Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ [21] .
Π 1975 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π» Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ» ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-Π½ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ : Β«Π― Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΒ» [22] .
ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ: Β«ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΉ Π½Π°Π²Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ³ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΒ», Β«Π΄Π»Ρ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π΅Π², ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π΅Π², ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½Β». Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΌ, Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Β«ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²-ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Β», Π° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ [22] .
ΠΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ Π² 1997 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ [20] [23] [24] [25] .
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Ρ Π² 1997 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π΅Π² ΠΈΠ· Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΄ Π‘ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΡ ΠΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ. Π Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π°Π±ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π΅Π² Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ [22] .
ΠΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π‘Π¨Π ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π² 2003 [26] , 2004 [27] , 2005 [28] ΠΈ 2006 [29] Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ , Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π‘Π¨Π ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌ [30] . ΠΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΠΠ Π² ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ (UNHCR).
Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ (Π€ΠΠΠ ) Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅ ΠΠΠ’Π Π Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π΅ Β« Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ 24 Β» ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π€ΠΠΠ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° Β«ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉΒ» ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Β«ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π‘ΠΠ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ βΠ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ 24β, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π· Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π½ΡΡΠ°, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ [31] Β».
ΠΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ
ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ Π² 1966 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π° Π·Π»ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π₯ΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ [32] .
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ» Π² 1965 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ , ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° Π’ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ , ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΈ Π’ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎ [33] [34] [35] .
See also
- ΠΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ
- Π₯ΡΡ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ
- ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΉ Π½Π°Π²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π΅Π²
Notes
- β 1 2 Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΡ , ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ. β Π‘ΠΠ±., 1862. β Π‘. 60.
- β ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ. VI. β Π., 1815. β Π‘. 149.
- β 1 2 3 ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ» (ΠΠ°Π²Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ) // Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ : Π² 25 ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ . - SPb. - M. , 1896-1918.
- β Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ . ΠΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ΅
- β 1 2 3 Π₯Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π―., Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠ° Π. Π., Π¨Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎ Π. Π. ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ» // ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ . β Π. : Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ-Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Β«ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΒ» , 2005. β Π’. X. β Π‘. 200β202. - 752 s. - 39,000 copies. β ISBN 5-89572-016-1 .
- β Π‘Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ» . ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ.
- β Εw. MΔczennik MΕodzieniec Gabriel
- β ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π. Π. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ. β Π., 1903. β Π‘. 320
- β Π€ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Ρ (ΠΡΠΌΠΈΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ). Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ: ΠΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΡ . - 2nd ed. β Π§Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ², 1865. β ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅. Π‘Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ, ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ±ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡ, Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±ΡΡ. Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°. β Π‘. 517.
- β 1 2 ΠΏΡΠΎΡ. ΠΠ΄Π°ΠΌ Π‘Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ. Π‘Π²ΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ» ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ) ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ 4 ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° 2016 Π½Π° Wayback Machine .
- β Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ // Π Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ. β β 6β8. β Π‘. 62β76.
- β Β«Π§ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ². ΠΌΡ. ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Β» // ΠΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ . β 1909. β β 16. β Π‘. 89.
- β ΠΠΎΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΉ Π½Π°Π²Π΅Ρ: ΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ .
- β Π‘Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ» ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ
- β Π ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ .
- β ΠΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΈ .
- β Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΡΡ ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ»Π» ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° patriarchia.ru, 18.8.2012.
- β ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π―. ΠΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠ΅
- β Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. // Π Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ . β 1919. β β 6β8. β Π‘. 62.
- β 1 2 Β«Blood LibelΒ» Documentary Broadcast in Belarus. Join UCSJ campaign against antisemitic programming on state TV . July 1997.
- β ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ Π. Π. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Β«Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΒ» Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ: ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅ // ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ : ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π». β 2010. β β 104 .
- β 1 2 3 ΠΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π° Π’. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π· ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠ΄Π΅Π΅Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ .
- β Blood Libel Accusation Revived . UCSJ Position Paper. Belarus--Chronicle of Antisemitism. April-December, 1997
- β ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π―. , Π€Π΅ΠΉΠ³ΠΈΠ½ Π. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»-ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ 22 ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 2007 Π½Π° Wayback Machine
- β ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π―. Π. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌ . yazib.org. ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 2 ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° 2013. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 23 ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° 2013 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
- β Belarus. International Religious Freedom Report 2003 ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 7 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2007 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
- β Belarus. International Religious Freedom Report 2004 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
- β Belarus. International Religious Freedom Report 2005 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
- β Belarus. International Religious Freedom Report 2006 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
- β Annual report on international religious freedom 2004. Belarus
- β ΠΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π° Β«Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ 24Β» ΠΎ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅-ΡΠ²ΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈ (Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°) . ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 1 ΡΠ½Π²Π°ΡΡ 2013. ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 16 Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±ΡΡ 2013 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
- β Richard Utz. Β«The Medieval Myth of Jewish Ritual MurderΒ» (Π°Π½Π³Π».)
- β Willehad Paul Eckert, Il beato Simonino negli Β«attiΒ» del processo di Trento contro gli Ebrei , in: Studi Trentini di Scienze Storiche XLIV (1965), S. 193β221 (ΠΈΡΠ°Π».)
- β Martyrologium Romanum. Editio typica, CittΓ del Vaticano 2001 (ΠΈΡΠ°Π».)
- β Iginio Rogger. In margine al caso Simonino Di Trento. Aspetti istituzionali e morali della questione (ΠΈΡΠ°Π».)
Literature
- Π₯Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π―., Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠ° Π. Π., Π¨Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎ Π. Π. ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ» ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ // ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ . β Π. : Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ-Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Β«ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΒ» , 2005. β Π’. X. β Π‘. 200-202. - 752 s. - 39,000 copies. β ISBN 5-89572-016-1 .
Links
- ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ± Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΠ»Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Β«ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π°Β».
- ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ-ΠΌΠΈΡ-ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ Π² Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ
- Π. ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ½Ρ
- Π‘Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ». ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈ
- Π. ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ? , Β«VestnikΒ», ΠΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ 16(197) 4 ΠΠ²Π³ΡΡΡΠ°, 1998
- Π―. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ . ΠΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π² ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ (2005)
- Β«ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΈΒ» 20 Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΊΠ°Π³ΠΎ (β 1690)
- ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠΠ«Π― (Π‘ΠΠΠ’Π―ΠΠ Π¬-ΠΠΠΠ£Π‘Π’Πͺ). ΠΡ£ΜΡΡΡΠ° ΠΠΏΡΠΈΜΠ»Π»ΡΡ Π²Ρ 20-ΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΜΠ½Ρ. Π‘Π»ΡΜΠΆΠ±Π° ΡΠ²ΡΡΠΎΜΠΌΡ ΠΌΡΜΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΈΜΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅ΜΠ½ΡΡ, Π²Ρ Π»Ρ£ΜΡΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΜΠ΄Π½Π΅ 1690-Π΅ ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΜΠΉ ΡΠΌΡΜΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²Ρ ΠΡ£Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΜΡΡ£ Π³ΡΠ°ΜΠ΄Ρ£.