Louis Jacques Tenard ( Fr. Louis Jacques Thénard ; May 4, 1777 , La Lutier-Tenard - June 21, 1857 , Paris ) - French chemist. He was a teacher at the College de France, Polytechnic School and the Paris Faculty of Sciences, was a deputy and then peer of France, vice president of the Royal Council of Education, rector of the University of France. Member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1810), its President in 1823.
| Louis Jacques Tenard | |
|---|---|
| Date of Birth | |
| Place of Birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
| A country | |
| Place of work | |
| supervisor | |
| Famous students | |
| Awards and prizes | [d] ( 1809 ) [d] |
Content
Biography
Childhood and Education
Louis Jacques Tenard was born in a village called La Lutiere, thirteen kilometers from the city of Sens in the Champagne region. He was the fourth child of 39-year-old Etienne Amable Tenard, a plowman and tax prosecutor, and 35-year-old Anna Cecile Savur. His younger brother Antoine became a road engineer. The Tenard family hails from Grunge le Baucage, the chemist's great-great-grandfather was a judge and royal prosecutor. His mother felt the inclination of Louis Jacques to science and, when Louis was ten years old, sent him to a boarding house in Villeneuve l'Arshevek to the parish priest, the father of the Magician. Three years later, Mage sends Louis to Sansa College. [6] His teachers were professor of physics Alexis-Louis Billy [7] , with whom they continued to keep in touch, professor of rhetoric for future journalists Jean-Barthelemy Salg and professor of the third and fourth years father Bardan. At sixteen, Tenard left college, closed because of the French Revolution, and the next, 1794, he went to Paris to become a pharmacist.
University career
Arriving in Paris, Tenard joins the laboratory of Nicholas Louis Vauclin, on the recommendation of the latter's sister. He is appointed assistant chemistry assistant at the Polytechnic School of 1 Nivosa (the fourth month of the year according to the republican calendar, lasts from December 21-23 to January 19-21) of the seventh (1798) year with Antoine Francois de Fourcroix [8] , and then in 1801 he becomes a teacher. He works with Bernard Courtois , who will later discover iodine . At the Germinal (the seventh month of the republican calendar, lasts from March 21-22 to April 18-19) of the twelfth year (1804), at the age of 27, he is appointed professor of chemistry at the College de France to the place vacated after Vauclin’s resignation, and on the proposal last one. He also left his teacher’s place at the Polytechnic School and was replaced by Gay-Lussac. On April 14, 1809, at the age of 31, Louis became the first permanent employee of the Department of Chemistry at the Faculty of Sciences in Paris. From 1815 to 1818, Pierre Louis Dulong and Jean-Nicolas Gannal [9] worked as laboratory assistants, and after them Claude-Francois Barrel. In 1810 [10] , Louis received the title of professor of practical chemistry at the Polytechnic School, and in 1815, at the age of 38, he replaced Guiton de Morveo as a chemistry teacher, which he successfully coped with. In 1821 he was elected dean of the Faculty of Sciences in Paris; he resigned this post in 1849 to become vice president of the Royal Council of Public Education. In November 1836, he left the Polytechnic School, as well as the Faculty of Sciences in 1841 for health reasons [11] .
Adolf Noel de Vergere also worked for him as a laboratory assistant, and Ignazi Domeiko was his student.
Scientific Contribution
Louis Jacques Tenard is the author of numerous works in the field of chemistry and chemical technology. In 1799, he invented by order of the Minister of Chaptal for the Sevres porcelain manufactory "Tenar blue" (cobalt blue), used for painting. Since 1808, he worked at the Polytechnic School together with Gay-Lussac: they investigated the production of potassium and sodium by the reduction of their hydroxides with iron when heated. Also this year they received boron (unclean) by acting on potassium boric anhydride (1808), and in 1809 they discovered the effect of light on the reaction of chlorine with hydrogen. In 1811, he isolated silicon. He discovered the existence of hydrogen peroxide, proposed a method for the analysis of organic substances, and created a classification of metals in 1818. In 1813, he published his famous Treatise on Chemistry (Traité de chimie).
In mineralogy, he described several rocks, including antimonite as the name for antimony protosulfate [12] .
His assistant, Jean Chansel, created the first matches in 1805.
Career
In 1810 he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences.
In 1814 he became a member of the Advisory Committee of Manufactories.
In 1815, Tenar was consecrated to the Knights of the Legion of Honor, in 1828 he became an officer, in 1837 - a commander, and in 1843 [13] - a senior officer. In 1825, by decree of King Charles X, he was awarded the title of hereditary baron for finding a way to save the fresco of the artist Gross from the dome of the Pantheon from moisture. Elected a deputy from Yonne in 1827, he voted for the address of the 221st , and was re-elected, after the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies, at the end of 1830. He won the election in 1831 and was appointed Louis-Philippe peer of France on October 11, 1832.
Tenard was appointed to the Royal Council of Public Education at the end of 1830, and then, in 1840, became for ten years the rector of the University of France.
He was president of the Committee for Confidence in National Industry until the death of Jean-Antoine Chaptal (to whom he was a relative) from 1832 to 1841, giving way to chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas. He noted his continued support for the development of innovative enterprises in such areas as chemistry or railways, as well as the creation of the Central School of Crafts and Manufactures.
Personal life
In 1814, he married Victoria Umblot, the youngest daughter of Nicola Conte, and also participated in the production activities of his wife's family, including the production of pencils. In addition to the invention of cobalt blue, he is also developing a method for producing lead white in 1803.
In 1830, he buys an old estate with a castle in Shomo, put up for auction in 1818 by the heirs of the Prince of Saxony; his family will live there for another hundred years. He moved the two towers of the ruined castle in order to connect the two barns together.
On October 6, 1819, his son Paul Tenard was born in Paris, who would later become an agronomist and, as you know, will participate in the development of a method of destroying phylloxera.
July 26, 1864 the widow of Baron Tenard buys Madeleine Castle in the department of Er. It will belong to her family until 1915 [14] .
At the end of World War II, at the request of his granddaughter, the Tenar Heritage Foundation was founded. The rental income is intended to help orphans and to protect the forests adjacent to Shomo.
Memory
Since 1858, a street in the fifth district of Paris is named after him.
His name is engraved on the Eiffel Tower .
Although not quite a tribute, he inspired Victor Hugo to create a character named Tenardieu in his novel Les Miserables [15] . Victor Hugo advocated reducing the working day for children from 16 hours to 10, while Tenardier was against it.
In 1861, in the city of Sans, a statue of Baron Tenard was installed in the form of a university professor in Drappe Square. It was dismantled in 1942 to melt, and the base, long forgotten, stood on Tarbe Square, crowned with a small bowl [16] .
In his honor, the mineralologist Casaseka named one of the minerals of sodium sulfate Tenardite .
Depicted on a 1957 French postage stamp.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 BNF identifier : Open Data Platform 2011.
- ↑ 1 2 Sycomore / Assemblée nationale
- ↑ Léonore database - ministère de la Culture .
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ List of professors College de France
- ↑ Ancient Jesuit College, founded in 1537 by canon Philip X odar, dean of the theology department of the University of Paris.
- ↑ Who was then a student of Simeon Denis Poisson in Fontainebleau.
- ↑ Correspondance sur l'École impériale polytechnique, Jean Nicolas Pierre Hachette
- ↑ Biographie de JN Gannal par Germain Sarrut , 1838
- ↑ Decree of February 17, 1810.
- ↑ Jean Baptiste Dumas successfully replaced him.
- ↑ Traité de chimie élémentaire, théorique et pratique, Volume 1 Par Louis Jacques Thénard, p. 514
- ↑ Jacques Louis Tenard in the base of Leonor .
- ↑ Pressagny l'Orgueilleux, histoire d'un village normand au bord de la Seine , written by Remy LeBrand (2012)
- ↑ Letter from the Academy of Sciences [archive]
- ↑ Etienne Dodet, “La statue du Baron Thénard”, Bulletin de la Société archéologique de Sens , 29, 1986, 1988, p. 60.