Count Pavel Nikolaevich Ignatiev (June 30 ( July 12 )) 1870 , Constantinople - August 12, 1945 , Upper Melbourne, Province of Quebec , Canada - Kiev Governor (1907-1909), Minister of Public Education of the Russian Empire (1915-1916 / 1917). Valid State Councilor (1908), Stallmeister (1917). Honorary Citizen of Tomsk .
Pavel Nikolaevich Ignatiev | |||||||
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Predecessor | Lev Kasso | ||||||
Successor | Nikolai Konstantinovich Kulchitsky | ||||||
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Predecessor | Alexey Porfirevich Veretennikov | ||||||
Successor | Alexey Fedorovich Girs | ||||||
Birth | June 30 ( July 12 ) 1870 Constantinople , Ottoman Empire | ||||||
Death | August 12, 1945 (75 years) Upper-Melbourne, Quebec , Canada | ||||||
Rod | Ignatievs | ||||||
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Children | |||||||
Education | |||||||
Awards | |||||||
Origin
Born into the aristocratic family of Count Nikolai Pavlovich Ignatiev , later Minister of the Interior, and his wife Ekaterina Leonidovna, nee Princess Golitsyna.
In 1913 he inherited (together with E. P. Demidov ) the immense fortune of the childless Yu. S. Nechaev-Maltsov , although he was not his close relative. Ignatiev became the owner of the Maltsov crystal plants, located mainly in the Vladimir province ( Gus-Khrustalny ), as well as the Novoselsky glass factory in the Tver province and the Tigodsky glass factory (Lyuban station of the Nikolaev railroad).
Early years
He studied at the Sorbonne . In 1892 he graduated from Kiev University . From 1892 he served in the Ministry of the Interior. From 1893, he was at the disposal of the Kiev, Podolsk and Volyn governor-general. He passed active military service in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment in the battalion, commanded by the heir Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich (future emperor Nicholas II ). In his company in the non-commissioned officer ranked school literacy for soldiers.
Admin
- Since 1895 - Lipovetsky district leader of the nobility .
- Since 1904 - Chairman of the Kiev provincial district council in the rank of master of ceremonies , which he was granted in 1902.
- On February 17, 1907 - Kiev governor. Actual State Councilor (1908).
- On April 13, 1909 - Director of the Department of Agriculture.
- From January 1, 1912 - Comrade of the Chief Commander of Agriculture and Land Management A. V. Krivosheina .
Minister of Education
Minister of Education
Your Imperial Majesty, most gracious sovereign. On November 19, at the rate of Your Imperial Majesty, I considered it my duty, imposed on me with my conscience and oath, to report about the fears that I had in connection with the actions of certain persons and the course of the political life of the country. I beg your Imperial Majesty not to force me to be an accomplice to those persons whose actions I honestly considered fatal for the throne and the Motherland.
In the firm conviction that only government power is useful to your Imperial Majesty and Motherland, united by the unity of state thought, understanding of the main goals of government and ways to achieve them, I consider it my loyal duty to ask Your Imperial Majesty to remove from me the unbearable burden of serving against the dictates of conscience. [...]
loyal servant
in the position of stallmeister
Count Pavel Ignatiev [1]
From January 9 (22), 1915 - Acting Officer (replacing Baron Taube ), from May 6 (19), 1915 - Minister of Public Education. He was appointed on the recommendation of A. V. Krivoshein . Adhered to liberal views, was popular in social and intellectual circles. The appointment of Ignatiev, as well as several other liberal ministers, expressed not the new course of the government, but only the desire to improve relations with the majority of the State Duma [2] .
Soon after taking office, in April 1915, Ignatiev convened a meeting of trustees of educational districts , at which he described the general directions of the new school policy that he intended to conduct. The materials of this meeting on secondary school reform (model programs and explanatory notes) were published the same year, and are considered as a draft reform of public education [3] . These materials, as well as other exemplary programs developed in various commissions and explanatory notes to them, embodied “the best that liberal-bourgeois pedagogical thought possessed” and “were used in the well-known part in compiling program materials after the October revolution ” [4 ] .
The reformers envisioned the introduction of a single school (gymnasium) with a 7-year study period, divided into two stages (1-3 and 4-7 classes). At the second stage, specialization was envisaged - a new humanitarian (with a priority of Russian language and literature, foreign languages, history), a humanitarian-classical (traditional Russian gymnasium with in-depth study of Latin and Greek) or real (priority of mathematics and natural sciences). Particular attention was paid to the need for secondary education to meet the needs of society and the interests of the economy. It was recognized that the continuity of secondary school programs and the subsequent stages of vocational training was necessary. It was proposed to introduce labor in school as a means of education, rather than professionalization. An important component of the reform project was the democratization of the public education management system. So, it was proposed to create committees at gymnasiums, which would include members of the public. The pedagogical councils of gymnasiums were endowed with the right to independently develop curricula and programs, and to solve economic issues.
During his tenure as minister, Ignatiev held two meetings of school district trustees (in February 1915 and March 1916), as well as a number of pedagogical congresses at which issues of future reform were discussed. “It is necessary through school,” Ignatiev said at these meetings, “to promote the development of the productive forces of the country: the school should serve the life and needs of the population” [2] . Despite the limited increase in the national education budget after the outbreak of the First World War , the number of higher and secondary educational institutions under Ignatiev increased, and the ministry managed to get funds to support a number of women's and private universities.
In the summer and autumn of 1915, Ignatiev participated in the activities of a group of liberal ministers who spoke in favor of the compromise rejected by the tsar with the State Duma . Most of them were dismissed from ministerial posts in the fall of 1915, but Ignatiev remained in the government for more than a year.
The content of the education reform proposed by Ignatiev caused rejection by the conservative forces. The projects of the proposed reforms did not receive the support of the government [5] ; historians conclude that under the circumstances, Ignatiev could not carry out his reform [2] .
Being not agree with the policy pursued by Nicholas II, November 19, 1916 in a conversation with the emperor Ignatiev frankly told him about the crisis situation in the country. A month later, on December 21, 1916, after his traditional report to the tsar, the official filed a request for his resignation. Nicholas II did not accept the resignation of the Minister of Public Education and suggested that he “continue useful work”. However, a few days later, on December 27, 1916, from the newspapers Pavel Nikolaevich found out about his dismissal [6] . According to the tradition of “sweeten the pill,” on January 1, 1917, Ignatiev received the title of Chief Master of the Court. Previously, he was awarded the court titles of the chamber junker (1894), “as master of ceremonies” (1896) and “as chief of masters” (1907).
After the February Revolution, Ignatiev was interrogated, among other ministers, by the Emergency Commission of the Provisional Government "to investigate the illegal actions of former ministers, chief supervisors and other senior officials of both civil and military and maritime departments." Already after this, in the fall of 1917, Ignatiev was elected an honorary academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in 1928 he was deprived of the title in absentia, he was posthumously restored in 1990). Also in 1917, he was elected an honorary member of Petrograd University , Women's Medical Institute, Perm University (opened when he was minister), and the Imperial Moscow Technical Society.
In the North Caucasus
In July 1917 he moved with his family to Kislovodsk . In October 1918, the Cheka was arrested as a hostage and sent to Pyatigorsk , but released at the request of the Kislovodsk Council in connection with his achievements in public education. The Russian Album contains a reference to the fact that he agreed to leave the prison only after, at his request, two more hostages were released. The remaining hostages were soon killed by the Bolsheviks .
Emigration
Soon after the occupation of the North Caucasus with white pieces, in January 1919 he left for Novorossiysk , and from there, in March 1919, for Bulgaria . From July 1920 he lived in England, where he acquired the estate of Boshan on the English Channel coast. He was chairman of the foreign organization of the Russian Red Cross Society, did a lot for arranging Russian emigration schools in Europe, in which the provisions of his reform project were implemented.
In 1932, he moved to Canada, where he originally lived in Thornhill (a suburb of Toronto), and since 1936, in Upper Melbourne, a small town on the St. Francis River south of Montreal . The author of memoirs, the manuscript of which is in English is stored in the funds of the Bakhmetyevsky archive (USA) . The original manuscript in Russian is kept in the personal archive of P. N. Ignatiev’s grandson, Mikhail Ignatieff, a Canadian historian living in England. Separate chapters of the memoirs were published in 1944 in 8 and 9 issues of the journal New Journal (New York).
Family
In 1903, he married in Nice with Princess Natalia Nikolaevna Mescherskaya (1877–1944), maid of honor. She was the daughter of Prince N. P. Meshchersky , trustee of the Moscow school district. Seven sons were born in marriage:
- Nikolai (1904–52) - Dean of Hart College at the University of Toronto .
- Vladimir (1905-?) - agronomist.
- Alexey (1907-?) - Head of Mines Department of the Ministry of Fuel Industry of Canada.
- Paul (1908-1909).
- Leonid (1910-?) - teacher of Russian literature.
- George (1913–89), Permanent Representative of Canada to NATO and the UN .
- His son Michael (Michael) published the book “Russian Album” about the fate of his grandfather and grandmother; Russian edition was published in 1996.
- Alexander (r. And d. 1916).
Notes
- ↑ The fall of the Tsarist regime = Verbatim records of interrogations and testimony given in 1917 in the Emergency Investigation Commission of the Provisional Government / Shchyogolev, Pavel Eliseevich. - L .: State. publishing house, 1927. - T. 6. - p. 26.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Balashov, E.M. School in Russian society 1917–1927 - M .: RAS, 2003. - p. 15.
- ↑ High school reform materials = Sample programs and explanatory notes. - Pg. : Senate Printing House, 1915. - p. 553.
- ↑ Korolev, F. F. Essays on the history of the Soviet school and pedagogy: 1917-1920 . - M. , 1958. - p. 51.
- ↑ Boguslavsky M. V. Ignatiev, Pavel Nikolaevich // Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia. - 1996.
- П. P. Ignatiev. The Council of Ministers in 1915-1916: From memories // New Journal. - 1944. - № 9 . - p . 290 .
Literature
- Ignatiev Pavel Nikolaevich // List of civilian ranks of the fourth class. Corrected on March 1, 1916. Part one. - Petrograd: Publication of the inspection department of His Own Imperial Majesty's office . Senate Printing House, 1916. - p. 1299.
- They built Russia. Ignatiev // Almanac “Other shores”. - 2008. - № 23 . - ISSN 0869-4354 .
- Ignatiev M. Russian album .: Semeyn. Chronicle nobles Ignatiev family]. - SPb. : Journal Neva, 1996. - 229 p.
- Shilov D. N. State figures of the Russian Empire. Heads of higher and central institutions. 1802-1917. Biobliographic guide. - SPb. , 2001. - p. 266-268.
Links
- Russian School of Count Ignatieff
- Biography
- Biography
- About the memoirs of Count Ignatiev
- Vitaly Bernstein. Attorney-at-Law and Minister // Published in the Swan Almanac in 2000 and New Journal , Book. 219, New York, 2000
- Ignatiev Pavel Nikolaevich's profile on the official website of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ignatiev P. N. The Council of Ministers in 1915-1916: From Memories // New Journal. 1944. № 8. S. 300-320; Number 9. P. 276-292.
- Babin V. G. Memoirs of Count P. Ignatiev in the Bakhmetev Archive // Rossica in the USA: Collection of articles (Materials on the history of Russian political emigration; issue 7) - Moscow: Institute for Political and Military Analysis. - 2001. - p. 86-89. http://nature.web.ru/db/msg.html?mid=1185892