Balloon astronomy - astronomical observations from balloons . The telescope is suspended from one or several stratostatos , which rise to an altitude of 20-40 km, that is, above the dense layers of the atmosphere . This leads to a significant increase in the resolving power , and penetration of the telescope, allows for observations in the frequency bands that are blocked by the atmosphere. [one]
Balloon telescopes are much cheaper than space telescopes , but their disadvantages are the relatively low altitude and low flight time, which is only a few days. However, the maximum height of aerostat telescopes is 50 km, which is much more than the maximum height for air observatories, such as the Kuiper Air and SOFIA Observatories , which can only rise to 15 km. [1] [2] On the other hand, landing aerostat telescopes is difficult and often leads to damage or destruction of the telescope.
An aerostat reduces the field of view of the telescope at the zenith area, but a long suspension can reduce the occlusion by a balloon to 2 °. The telescope must be resistant to the effects of the stratospheric winds, as well as to the rotation and oscillatory movements of the balloon. Azimuthal stability can be provided by a magnetometer together with a gyroscope or an Astrovisier for minor corrections. [2]
Starts
Title | Years of action | Description and Purpose |
---|---|---|
1957-59 | 12-inch telescope attached to a polyethylene balloon. [3] First balloon telescope. [4] Made a photo of the Sun. In 1959, it was launched again, now with a television transmitter. | |
1963-71 | 36-inch telescope suspended from two balloons. | |
THISBE | 1973-76 | The infrared telescope used to observe the intrinsic luminosity of the atmosphere , zodiacal light , and the central region of the galaxy . [five] |
HIREGS | 1991-98 | A high-resolution spectrometer for studying gamma rays and hard x-rays from solar flares and galactic sources. Used an array of germanium-cooled detectors cooled with liquid nitrogen. [6] |
1997-2003 | Microwave telescope with a cryogenic particle detector, launched in a long flight over the Antarctic . Was used to observe background radiation . [7] | |
1998-99 | Microwave telescope with a cryogenic particle detector used to measure the CMB radiation. [eight] | |
Hero | 2001-10 | Telescope hard x-ray range. It was launched in 2001, but crashed in 2010, destroying a telescope. [9] |
2003- | Submillimeter telescope with 2 m aperture. It was destroyed during the third flight, but after it was restored, and made the fourth in 2010. [10] | |
InFOCμS | 2004- | Hard X-ray telescope with an effective area of 49 cm 2 [11] |
Heft | 2005 | Telescope hard x-ray range with optics, using the incidence of rays at a small angle. [12] |
2009- | 1-meter ultraviolet telescope with image stabilization and adaptive optics , designed to observe the sun. [13] |
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Kitchin, Christopher R. Astrophysical techniques. - 4th. - CRC Press, 2003. - P. 83. - ISBN 0-7503-0946-6 .
- ↑ 1 2 Cheng, Jingquan. The principles of astronomical telescope design. - Springer, 2009. - Vol. 360. pp. 509-510. - ISBN 0-387-88790-3 .
- ↑ Kidd, Stephen. Astronomical ballooning: the Stratoscope program (English) // New Scientist : magazine. - 1964. - 17 September ( vol. 23 , no. 409 ). - P. 702-704 .
- ↑ Zimmerman, Robert. The Hubble Telescope and the Vision - Princeton University Press, 2010. - P. 18. - ISBN 0-691-14635-7 .
- ↑ Hofmann, W .; Lemke, D .; Thum, C. Surface brightness of the Milky Way at 2.4 and 3.4 microns (Eng.) // Astronomy and Astrophysics : journal. - 1977. - May ( vol. 57 , no. 1-2 ). - P. 111-114 . - .
- ↑ Boggs, SE et al. HLEGS payload (Eng.) // Nuclear Instruments and Physics Research Section : journal. - 2002. - October ( vol. 491 , no. 3 ). P. 390-401 . - DOI : 10.1016 / S0168-9002 (02) 01228-7 . - .
- ↑ Masi, S. The BOOMERanG experiment and the curvature of the universe (Eng.) // Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics: journal. - 2002. - Vol. 48 , no. 1 . - P. 243-261 . - DOI : 10.1016 / S0146-6410 (02) 00131-X . - . - arXiv : astro-ph / 0201137 .
- ↑ Rabii, B. et al. MAXIMA: A balloon-borne cosmic microwave background anisotropy experiment (Eng.) // Review of Scientific Instruments : journal. - 2006. - July ( vol. 77 , no. 7 ). - DOI : 10.1063 / 1.2219723 . - . - arXiv : astro-ph / 0309414 .
- Ik Malik, Tariq Huge NASA Science Balloon Crashes in Australian Outback . space.com (April 29, 2010). The appeal date is February 28, 2011.
- Lin Devlin, Mark Balloon-Borne Large-Aperture Submillimeter Telescope: home page (not available link) . blastexperiment . Circulation date February 28, 2011. Archived June 3, 2011.
- ↑ Tueller, J. et al. InFOCμS hard X-ray imaging telescope (Neopr.) // Experimental Astronomy. - 2005. - V. 20 . - p . 121-129 . - DOI : 10.1007 / s10686-006-9028-3 . - .
- ↑ Chen, CM Hubert et al. In-flight Performance of the Balloon-Borne High Energy Focusing Telescope (Eng.) // Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society : journal. - 2006. - September ( vol. 38 ). - P. 383 . - .
- ↑ Schmidt, W. et al. SUNRISE Impressions from a successful science flight (Eng.) // Astronomische Nachrichten : journal. - Wiley-VCH , 2010. - June ( vol. 331 , no. 6 ). - P. 601 . - DOI : 10.1002 / asna.201011383 . - .