Ibadites

Considering Jabir ibn Zayd the founder of his own madhhab , a law school, in the political sense, the Ibadites define themselves as direct successors of the Muhakkimites . Two of their leaders who survived the battle of Nakhravan - Abu Bilal Mirdas and Urva bin Hudare, also stood at the origins of the Ibadite movement (the name ahlu-l-hakk wa-l-istikama), being the closest associates of Jabir ibn Zeyd . In turn, according to leading Ibadite scholars, all claims against the Muhakkimites, such as accusing them of unbelief of their Muslim opponents, including Ali ibn Abu Talib , as well as their involvement in his and Abdullah ibn Habbab’s murder, unreasonable. The authors of these crimes - Misar ibn Fidaki and Abdurrahman ibn Muljam were not connected with the Muhakkimites and people from Nakhravan - Misar ibn Fidaki tried with his detachment to join the Muhakkimites, but was expelled by the leader of the Muhakkimites Abdullah ibn Wahib arb-wahib arb committed, and Abdurrahman ibn Muljam was never a Muhakkimit at all. The Ibadites claim that the Muhakkimites treated their opponents in the same way that Ali ibn Abu Talib treated Talha and Az-Zubayr during their confrontation . The appearance of similar views, such as accusations of unbelief of their opponents, etc. among the radical sects of the Kharijites, is already connected with the later stage of their formation and has nothing to do with the position of the Muhakkimites themselves, which are completely shared by their direct followers in the person of Ibadites ^{[3] [4] [5]} . Ibadites consider the Muslims who opposed them to be neither righteous nor polytheists . They consider it forbidden to shed the blood of Muslims who do not agree with their beliefs. And the territory on which their opponents live, the Ibadites consider Muslim, with the exception of the location of the army, which is preparing to oppose them. During the war with Muslims, only horses, weapons and military equipment are allowed to be taken as prey. Everything else is prohibited. The Ibadites consider the testimony of the other Muslims in legal proceedings to be legitimate and permissible. It is also allowed to enter into marriage with them ^[6] .

Nafi ibn al-Azraq theoretically substantiated his and his followers, later called Azraqites by the name of ibn al-Azraq , the right to treat all Muslims as enemies of Allah, placed himself and his followers outside the entire Muslim community. He sent a letter outlining these principles to Basra Abdullah ibn al-Saffar and Abdullah ibn Ibad . The letter came to Ibn al-Saffar , and he hid it from the rest, fearing the occurrence of strife. Ibn Ibad found out about the message and demanded to give for familiarization. After reading, he was indignant: “These people (that is, not Kharijites ) reject mercies and covenants, but they are not polytheists , we can only kill them [in battle], but all their property is forbidden for us” ( Tabari , II, p. 518 -519). Here we meet for the first time with a clearly formulated program of the extreme Kharijites , and the fundamental position that separates them from the Ibadites - the Azraks considered all Muslims who do not share their views to be pagans ( Mushrikun ), while the Ibadites considered non-believing Muslims to be sinful, but Muslims, whose decision belongs to Allah ^[7] .

The Ibadites fought against the Caliphate , created their imams , including the Rustamid imamat in Takhert ( North Africa , VIII - beginning of the X century ), as well as the imamat in Yemen for a short time. Then the Ibadite state appeared in Oman , which has survived to this day.

Although Ibadis make up 1% of all Muslims , today they still exist in many parts of the Muslim world. In the modern world, Ibadites make up the majority of the population of Oman (about 75%) ^[8] and have communities in Algeria ( Mzab ), Tunisia ( Djerba ), Libya ( Nafusi and Zuara ). Many Ibadites also lived on the island of Zanzibar in Tanzania , where the sultans of the Albusaid dynasty, who belonged to the Ibadites, as well as their Omani branch, were in power before the 1964 revolution.

Despite the fact that Ibadism is one of the original trends in Islam, researchers are forced to characterize it in comparison with the more well-known to the wide European reader Sunnism , Shiism , Mutazilism , etc. Thus, in contrast to Shiism , in which supreme power should be transferred inherited in the House of the Prophet - imams , descendants of Ali ibn Abu Talib and his wife, the daughter of the Prophet of Fatima , as well as Sunni , in which the supreme rulers of the Muslim community should be from Quraysh ^[9] , Ibadi believe that the imam of the community can yt any Muslim. They refer to the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad : “If the [Ethiopian slave with torn nostrils (maju 'al-unf) is placed ruler over you and establishes the Divine Scripture and my Sunna between you, then listen to him and obey him” ^[10] . At the same time, the Ibadites followed the principle of “there cannot be two imams in one place” ^[10] , thus they allowed the simultaneous existence of several imams in different parts of the Muslim world, who were elected by the council of sheikhs by secret ballot. Elections were often limited to one clan. In their understanding, the chosen imam was the full head of the community, acting as a military leader, judge, and fakih theologian, but only on condition that he follows the Koran, Sunnah and the example of the first imams. In case of violation of this condition, he could be removed by the council of sheikhs ^[11] .

If the Sunnis recognize the legitimacy of all Righteous Caliphs and thereby confirm the truth of the methods of determining the supreme rulers, through which Abu Bakr , Umar , Usman and Ali became such, the Shiites consider the first three Caliphs to be usurpers of the supreme authority and venerate the Prophet as the only true heir, confirming Ali thus the principle of the transfer of power in the House of the Prophet, the Ibadi Islam is considered fully appropriate criteria only the first two caliphs - Abu Bakr and Umar , having a number of claims to Usman and whether , during the reign of that general unrest began in the Islamic community. Despite the fact that in the doctrinal respect there are no fundamental differences between ibadism and other currents in Sunniism, some specificity is also inherent in ibadism ^[10] .

• The Ibadites, following the Mu'thazilite theologians who came down from the historical scene, believe that the Qur'an was created at odds with the Sunnis, who consider the Qur'an to be the eternal (without definite beginning) speech of God . ^[9] At the same time, other opinions are acceptable: some Ibadite scholars share a position on this issue with the Sunnis, others argue that the question of whether the Qur'an was created or not should be left as Muslims cannot be aware of this because of the absence any information on the opinions of associates on this issue. In any case, this issue, according to the Ibadites, is within the framework of an acceptable disagreement and does not affect faith ^[12] .
• Muslims will not see God in Paradise . The Ibadites are convinced that God, in principle, cannot be seen, because He is not limited by space or time, and beyond what can be "seen", whether with eyes or heart, here they also refer to 103 verses 6 of the Surah "Scot." This contradicts the fundamentals of the Sunni faith that Muslims will see God in Paradise.

• Whoever goes to Hell will be there forever. This is contrary to the faith of Sunni Muslims who believe that a Muslim who has gone to Hell will be in it for a certain period of time in order to clear himself of shortcomings, after which he will go to Paradise .
• Ibadites have their own hadith . Most of the hadiths are Sunni in content, but they are much smaller than those of the Sunnis - 1,005 hadiths included in the Musnad of Imam ar-Rabi ibn Habib al-Farahidi , compiled in the II century by Hijra of 742 hadiths and supplemented by Abu Yakub. Although there are also hadiths that only ibadites use.

• Ar-Rabi ibn Habib is an Ibadite Hadith scholar .
• Ahmad bin Hamad al-Khalili is the supreme mufti of the Sultanate of Oman .
• Suleiman Baruni - head of the Ibadis of Tripolitania and leader of the national liberation movement, Libya

• Beyazi, Beyazity or Ibadi // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Ibadites // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Cook, Michael A. Early Muslim Dogma. Cambridge, UK, 1981.
• Ennami, Amr Khalifa. Studies in Ibadhism. Benghazi, Libya, 1972.
• Ali Yahya Muammar. Ibadhism A Moderate Sect of Islam. Open Mind, 2007.

• Ibadhiyah.net - The Biggest Ibadite Resource