Shalnov, Yuri Vasilievich

Origin, education

Born in the village of Prudovo, Ivanovo-Voznesenskaya province (now - the village of Prudovo, Ramensky rural settlement, Palekh district, Ivanovo region ).

After completing his studies at the Ivanovo Chemical-Technological Institute in 1951, he was allocated to the city of Dzerzhinsk to plant 148 ^[1] , where in the post-war period, fluorine hydrogen , organofluorine products ( freon-12 and freon- 11 ) ^[2] and uranium hexafluoride ^[3] . He worked as a shift foreman. In December of the same year, he was transferred to the Kirov region, to the plant 752 located in the working village of Kirovo-Chepetsk (the order of January 31, 1966 introduced the name “Kirov-Chepetsk Chemical Plant” ^[4] ), where the first in the USSR was created industrial production of products previously mastered at the Dzerzhinsk plant on a pilot scale.

Getting Started at KChKhK

At plant 752, Yuri Vasilyevich was first appointed the foreman of workshop No. 49 (the production of enriched lithium-6 ( ⁶ Li) ^[5] , which is necessary to obtain lithium-6 deuteride , which is the main component of thermonuclear weapons ), and a year later, deputy chief of workshop No. 2 for individual works (production of uranium hexafluoride ^[3] , necessary for the subsequent enrichment of uranium ^[6] ).

September 23, 1953, Yuri Vasilyevich was appointed head of workshop No. 76 (production of organofluorine products) ^[1] . Shortly before that, in May 1952, the first tons of Freon-22 were sent to the State Institute of Applied Chemistry (GIPH), where a pilot plant for producing tetrafluoroethylene , which in turn was sent for polymerization at the Scientific Research Institute of Polymerization Plastics (NIIPP) ^[7] for the purpose of producing polytetrafluoroethylene , called in the USSR “fluoroplast-4” (F-4) ^{[8] [9]} .

Under the direct supervision of Yu. V. Shalnov, the country's largest production was created, providing a breakthrough in the space, defense, and many other sectors of the economy. The initial task for the workshop team was to formalize the technical requirements for the products obtained. The project was repeatedly returned for revision to the design institute with comments from the plant, the State Institute of Industrial Property, the NIIPP and the ministry, until it was approved in June 1955 ^[10] . The creation of analysis methods, the study of the effect of impurities on the quality of the polymer, the development and implementation of measures to improve the technology - all this was done over several years in a working environment ^[11] .

Permission to start the workshop was obtained on June 30, 1956. Initially, the loading of monomer in the polymerization reactor was 25 kg, which did not allow to reach the design target for the production of the product in the amount of 100 tons per year ^[12] . Since the beginning of 1957, they began to work out a new loading scheme with a feed-in method for supplying monomer during polymerization. To improve the quality of the product, colloidal mills were introduced (in 1968 they were replaced by vibro-cavitation mills designed and manufactured by SKBMT ^[13] ), filters were installed for all local compressed air supplies , and the rooms were put under excess pressure compared to neighboring ones. These measures allowed a sharp increase in output: from 5.5 tons in January to 9.2 in March. A task was sent to LenNIIIIkhimmash to design a polymerization reactor with a volume of 1 m³ (instead of 130 liters) ^[14] , the production of all intermediates was expanded: chloroform , freon-22 , monomer-4 . In obtaining the latter, in 1958, quartz furnaces (a tube with a diameter of 30 mm and a length of 5.5 m) were replaced by nichrome ones , and a transition was made from individual (after each furnace) washing systems to a combined one ^[15] .

The total demand for fluoroplastic increased rapidly - by 1960, the workshop was required to increase production to 800 tons per year (with an installed capacity of 100 tons). A cubic meter reactor was obtained in 1961 and in September was included in the work ^[16] . By 1963, the impurities in Freon-22 and tetrafluoroethylene were deciphered in the factory laboratory, which significantly improved the quality of the product ^[17] . In 1961-1962, several technical solutions were implemented under the leadership of Yuri Vasilyevich: they were introduced at the stage of pyrolysis of a furnace with direct voltage supply to the pyrolysis tube; hydrogen chloride traps were installed on the absorption of freon-22 synthesis from gases; plate columns for the rectification of Freon-22 were manufactured and introduced ^[17] .

On February 18, 1965, the Ministry approved a design assignment for expanding production in the workshop to 2000 tons of F-4 per year ^[18] . During the reconstruction, monomer collectors with a volume of 130 liters were replaced with 300-liter ones, additional polymerization reactors were installed, a two-stage polymerization process was introduced - in which, after the appearance of solid polymer particles in the gas medium, which become points of growth of polymer chains, the pressure in the reactor is significantly decreased without reducing the speed of the process, while the quality of the product increased, and the danger of explosive decomposition decreased ^[18] . To increase productivity, it was decided to triple the volume of polymerization reactors, with a corresponding increase in the mass of the initial loading of the monomer ^[19] . Polymerization at the first reactor with a volume of 3 m³ was tested in 1974. Starting from the next year, 2-3 polymerizers of this type were mounted and included in the work ^[20] .

In 1974, Yuri Vasilievich (party member since 1956) was elected secretary (released) of the CPSU factory committee ^[1] .

Chief Engineer KChKhK

In 1977, Yuri Vasilievich Shalnov was appointed chief engineer of the Kirov-Chepetsk Chemical Plant. For 17 years (from March 31, 1977 to December 7, 1994) he was the technical director of the enterprise, which during this period became the largest in the chemical industry in Europe. Under the leadership of Yu. V. Shalnov, all the main production facilities were reconstructed, and the existing production facilities of ammonium nitrate , nitric acid , ammonia, and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers were put into operation ^[1] . On May 12, 1977, Yuri Vasilievich headed the first composition of the Scientific and Technical Council of the enterprise, which was reorganized on January 3, 1978 into the Kirov-Chepetsk Chemical Combine ^[21] .

After organizing the production of uranium hexafluoride in the Urals and Siberia, the KChHZ received an order from the Ministry of Environment to stop its production in Kirovo-Chepetsk. Since 1977, production has been refocused on the processing of hazardous waste sent by other plants, with the release of uranium tetrafluoride in the form of a commercial product ^[22] . A different technology was developed for each type of uranium waste having a different composition and structure (called calcined waste, called concentrate, diacetate, calcium salts, nitrous oxide ) ^[23] . Since 1980, the production of high-quality uranium tetrafluoride suitable for the manufacture of "special products" began. In 1986, a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR outlined an increase in this production, but in the early 1990s the situation changed and it was mothballed ^[24] . In addition, from 1982 to the experimental, and from 1984 to the industrial installation, the processing of inconvenient for storage of dump uranium hexafluoride was started, with the production of uranium tetrafluoride (which is non-volatile and stored at normal pressure) and popular freon-113 ^[24] .

In the production of fluoroplastics in 1975-1980, a large number of activities were carried out for the stage of production of Freon-22 : 6 m³ synthesis reactors were mastered, rectification columns with a diameter of 1200 mm were introduced, graphite columns for trapping hydrogen fluoride , schemes for the continuous production of a commodity mixture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids from synthesis gases ^[25] . In 1984, the pyrolysis and polymerization processes were transferred to the central control panels ^[26] . Since 1985, all monomer-4 pyrolysis furnaces were converted to steam pyrolysis, which increased the conversion of Freon-22 by 14%, and the monomer yield by 15% ^[27] . In order to satisfy the wishes of consumers, new brands of fluoroplast-4 (F-4) were mastered: free-flowing F-4A (not aggregated in powder form), non-ground F-4RB, heat-treated F-4TG, finely dispersed (40, 20 microns) ^[28] . The manufacture of fluoroplastic products by various processing methods has been developed; each product and each fluoroplastic in each of the processing processes required its own equipment, for the development and production of which a large tool area was created ^[29] . For success in this area, the company received 80 VDNH medals, and on special assignment, capacitive equipment and shutoff valves for the neutrino telescope were manufactured at the Baksan Observatory .

The expansion in the production of fluorine-containing copolymers and fluoro-rubbers was hampered by the shortage of purchased fluoroemulsifiers ; therefore, in 1980-1984, the production of oligomeric fluorohydrides based on monomer-6 (M-O6) oxide was mastered ^[30] . The salts obtained from these oligomers were effective emulsifiers; their use in the production of fluoroplastics-40, -42, -2M, -3M, -4D allowed homogenizing the polymerization process and, as a result, improved physicomechanical properties and increased heat resistance of products ^{[31 ]} , in some cases, new brands were established for the products: fluoroplast-40E, -42E, -2ME, and the production of fluoroplast-32L (a copolymer of trifluorochlorethylene and vinylidene fluoride) was also started ^[32] . Since 1984, they began to produce M-6 with a basic substance content of 99.999% ^[33] . In addition to SKF-32 and SKF-26 fluorine rubbers mastered earlier, by 1981 SKF-26NM and SKF-26ONM brands were obtained, which made it possible to provide aviation, space, and radiation equipment with a new rubber class ^[32] . In 1982-1983, the creation of installations for drying fluoroplast-4D in a fluidized bed and for drying fluoroplasts-3 , -3M, -2M in aero-fountain dryers was completed ^[31] .

Yuri Vasilyevich actively supported the work organized by the SKB MT enterprise in the field of medical equipment. For the first time in the USSR, improved prosthetic heart valve prostheses were developed and introduced into clinical practice - rotary-disk (in the early 1980s) and bivalve . Under SKB MT, an artificial heart laboratory was created in which a Herz-02 artificial heart sample in a knapsack design was successfully tested in 1985 ^[34] .

The most ambitious technical problems were solved by Yu. V. Shalnov during the creation of a mineral fertilizer plant — when the existing plants of ammonium nitrate , nitric acid , ammonia, and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers were put into operation ^[1] . January 3, 1978 the company was reorganized into the Kirov-Chepetsk Chemical Plant ^[21] .

At the first stage of construction of the ZMU, the technological infrastructure was created: a nitrogen-oxygen station was launched to cover the demand for cryogenic products and a nitrogen pipe system ^[35] , an air-compressor station to provide compressed air and a duct system ^[36] ; gas pipelines were laid along which the first natural gas was received on August 28, 1978 ^[37] ; issues of power supply were solved (a power line -500 from the Kostroma state district power station and two large power substations were built , with the commissioning of which the Kirov Regional Power System became part of the Unified Power System of the country ) ^[38] ; facilities were created to ensure the production of steam and water ^[39] ; a complete reconstruction of the railway station Chepetskaya was carried out ^[40] .

In the production of nitric acid, its first batch was obtained at the UKL-7-76 unit on October 26, 1978 ^[41] , in 1979 2 similar units were launched, in 1982 - 2 more powerful AK-72 units, in 1988-1989 2 apparatuses of the new generation UKL-7-76, after which the plant became the leader of the country's nitrogen industry ^[42] .

On December 28, 1978, the first Kirov-Chepetsk granular ammonium nitrate was produced ^[43] . In February 1982, the 2nd AS-72 unit was commissioned. A milestone in improving product quality was the use of magnesia nitric acid extract from sludge obtained in the water treatment workshop (including compounds of magnesium, calcium, aluminum, iron, silicon) as an additive to nitrate. The peak of production of this fertilizer was in 1990 (1 million 29 thousand tons), which was 15% higher than the designed capacity and became an absolute record among all the country's plants ^[44] .

The most difficult period in the work of Yu. V. Shalnov was the development of ammonia production. Its preparation takes place according to a multi-stage scheme with many catalytic and other chemical reactions carried out at very high temperature and pressure. For automated process control, on September 30, 1980, the first managing computer complex M-6000 was adopted at the enterprise ^[45] . In early 1982, the first domestic synthesis gas compressor was launched. March 18 - the first Kirov-Chepetsk ammonia was obtained ^[46] . In November 1983, the AM-70 unit reached its design capacity ^[47] ; in July 1985, a millionth ton of ammonia was obtained ^[48] . In October 1984, the second stage reached the design capacity - the AM-76 unit, with a Japanese synthesis gas compressor ^[49] .

The production of complex fertilizers at ZMU combined the creation of a raw material base (acid opening of apatites ) and the production of finished products (nitroammophosphate) ^[50] . In the first half of 1985, testing of equipment was started at technological sites ^[51] , and in September the first mineral carriers with apatite concentrate arrived ^[52] . On November 13, 1985, the granules of Kirov-Chepetsk double fertilizers arrived for shipment ^[53] . In the 1990s, the regimes for the production of fertilizers with microelements and colored fertilizers were developed, and the production of cheaper depleted fertilizers was mastered ^[54] .

Recent years

In 1994, Yu. V. Shalnov went on a well-deserved rest. He died on November 13, 2000. He was buried in the alley of honorary burials of the Zlobino cemetery in Kirovo-Chepetsk ^[55] .

Yuri Vladimirovich Shalnov was one of the first in the Kirov region, in 1965, was awarded the honorary title " Honored Rationalizer of the RSFSR " (established in 1961).

Он является автором и соавтором 10 изобретений и 97 рационализаторских предложений, наиболее известными из которых были: использование для окончательной нейтрализации кислых примесей содового раствора вместо щелочного; рассольная осушка фреона сырца и пиролизата, крупногабаритные реакторы ^[56] .

Государственные награды Ю. В. Шальнова ^[57] :

• Лауреат Государственной премии СССР (1985 год)
• два Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени
• два Ордена «Знак Почёта» (1954, 1959 годы)
• Заслуженный работник промышленности СССР (1990 год) — «за выдающиеся достижения в повышении эффективности химического производства, обеспечение выпуска продукции высокого качества» ^[58]
• Заслуженный рационализатор РСФСР (1965 год)
• Медаль «За трудовую доблесть»
• Medal “For Valiant Labor. В ознаменование 100-летия со дня рождения Владимира Ильича Ленина» (1970 год)
• Veteran of Labor Medal

Негосударственные награды Ю. В. Шальнова:

• Почётный гражданин города Кирово-Чепецка (1996) ^{[59] [60]}
• Медали ВДНХ (серебряная, бронзовая)

• История Кирово-Чепецкого химического комбината

• Уткин В. В. Завод у двуречья. Кирово-Чепецкий химический комбинат: строительство, развитие, люди. — Киров: Дом печати — Вятка, 2004. — Т. 1 (1938—1946). — 64 с. - 1000 copies. — ISBN 5-85271-162-4 .
• Уткин В. В. Завод у двуречья. Кирово-Чепецкий химический комбинат: строительство, развитие, люди. — Киров: Дом печати — Вятка, 2005. — Т. 2 (1947—1953). — 160 с. - 1000 copies. — ISBN 5-7476-0008-7 .
• Уткин В. В. Завод у двуречья. Кирово-Чепецкий химический комбинат: строительство, развитие, люди. — Киров: Дом печати — Вятка, 2006. — Т. 3 (1954—1971). - 240 p. - 1000 copies. — ISBN 5-85271-250-7 .
• Уткин В. В. Завод у двуречья. Кирово-Чепецкий химический комбинат имени Б. П. Константинова: строительство, развитие, люди. — Киров: Дом печати — Вятка, 2007. — Т. 4 (1973—1992), часть 1. — 144 с. - 1000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-85271-293-6 .
• Логинов Н. Д. Завод минеральных удобрений. Кирово-Чепецкий химический комбинат имени Б. П. Константинова: строительство, развитие, люди. — Киров: Дом печати — Вятка, 2007. — Т. 4 (1973—1997), часть 2. — 224 с. - 1000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-85271-291-2 .
• Логинов Н. Д. Завод минеральных удобрений. Кирово-Чепецкий химический комбинат имени Б. П. Константинова: строительство, развитие, люди. — Киров: Дом печати — Вятка, 2007. — Т. 4 (1973—1997), часть 3. — 112 с. - 1000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-85271-302-5 .
• Будем помнить! Это книга о людях, чьи жизнь и дела останутся в памяти поколений / сост. И. А. Кузнецова. — Киров: Кировская областная типография, 2015. — С. 217—244. — 377 с. — 200 экз. — ISBN 978-5-498-00337-5 .