Terjiman

Attempts to create periodicals in the Crimean Tatar language

In the 1870s, upon returning from Turkey and acting as a vowel of the Bakhchisaray City Council and mayor, I. Gasprinsky accepted attempts to establish periodicals in his native language, but they were not authorized by the authorities. The first of these was to be the “Periodic Leaflet” in the Crimean Tatar language “Faydal Eglendzhe” (“Useful Entertainment”). In 1879, I. Gasprinsky turned to the Minister of the Interior L. S. Makov with a petition for his publication in Bakhchisarai. The goals of the “Faydala England” were to familiarize local Muslims “with government orders and to explain to them, to the extent possible, the benefits and importance of Russian literacy and education.” The program of the newspaper was formulated from four points, covering the legal, educational, educational and literary areas. The Main Press Directorate of the Ministry of the Interior refused I. Gasprinsky ^[2] .

In December 1880, he made a second attempt and requested the publication in Bakhchisarai of the weekly reference and literary leaflet “The Law”. The program also covered legal, literary and reference areas. The publisher and editor was also I. Gasprinsky. In February 1881 another failure was received. This did not stop I. Gasprinsky; two years were spent on petitions, justifications, correspondence with officials, and searching for like-minded people ^[2] .

Publication of the Terjiman newspaper

In February 1883, I. Gasprinsky’s efforts were crowned with success; a certificate was approved for the right to publish the newspaper Terdzhiman-Perevodchik. April 10, 1883 the first issue of the weekly newspaper was published. It consisted of four pages, half of which was printed in Russian, the second half - in the Crimean Tatar language. Materials in two languages ​​duplicated each other. The publisher, editor, journalist was I. Gasprinsky himself. Later, other authors began to be involved. In directly on the pages of Terjiman, the conditions of subscription and publication rules were indicated. The editor appealed to the general public with a proposal for cooperation. The editors received letters of congratulation for the release of the first issue ^[2] .

The motto of the newspaper was the slogan "Dilde, Fikirde, Ishde Birlik" ("Unity in language, thoughts and deeds") ^[3] .

I. Gasprinsky wrote in an editorial address ^[4] :

“Getting down to business in the name of Allah, we take up a pen to serve the truth and enlightenment. How much the “Translator” will meet its goal is that the court is ahead and it’s not for us to be a judge ”

Newspaper Activities, Publications, and Authors

The first issue published an article “The Muslim Press in Russia”, which reveals issues of periodicals in Turkestan (in the then interpretation of the pan-Turkists, these are all regions with Türks living). From the beginning of the publication, the heading “Local News” appeared on the pages of the newspaper, which was very popular and was published in almost every issue. Initially, the circulation of the newspaper was small, gradually "Translator" from the weekly magazine grew into a daily newspaper. “Terjiman” was read in all regions of Russia and beyond its borders ^[5] . Terjiman was also distributed in Turkey. According to A. Ayvazov, Gasprinsky varied the content of the rooms, adapting it to Turkish realities ^[6] .

The test for the newspaper was a fire in 1885, when the printing house created by Gasprinsky burned down in Bakhchisarai ^[6] . The newspaper did not appear from July 1885 to September 15 ^[7] .

In addition to subscription revenue, private and commercial ads were an important source of revenue. In 1886, the publication of an advertising application for the newspaper "Translator-Terjiman" was launched under the name "List of Announcements." Also, since 1906, the free application “ Alem-i Nisvan ”, “Women's World”, was edited by Shefika Gasprinskaya . The first issue was published in Bakhchisarai on March 3, 1906, was published intermittently, and was closed in 1911 ^{[8] [9]} . Starting from 1905, No. 101 December and until the end of the 1917 edition, No. 232 (December 12) was published in the Crimean Tatar language ^[7] .

To finance the editorial staff, it was possible to attract the funds of patrons sympathizing with the ideas of pan-Turkism . These were Muslim industrialists, the Ramiev brothers from Orenburg , Akchurin from Simbirsk and Zeyn al-Abidin Tagiev from Baku . Subscribing to a publication was relatively inexpensive ^[3] .

The 25th anniversary of the newspaper was widely celebrated by Turkic enlighteners and supporters of the ideas of pan-Turkism throughout the Russian Empire. A number of publications in the journal "Shura" , which was published in 1908-1917 in Orenburg by the poet Zakir Rameev , dedicated to I. Gasprinsky and the newspaper "Terjiman" were dedicated to the anniversary of the newspaper "Terjiman". The ninth issue of the Shura magazine in 1908 came out with a photograph of I. Gasprinsky on the cover ^[10] .

“Terdzhiman” is the first Crimean Tatar newspaper in which religious, socio-political, cultural, educational and everyday issues were highlighted in a complex ^{[11] [12] [13]} . Developing the idea of ​​progress that was popular at the end of the 19th century and applying it to a rather backward rural Crimean Tatar society, Terdzhiman devotes articles to buying land for low-land and landless Tatars, lending to the Land Bank , issues of productive gardening and tobacco growing, provides information on agricultural technology, that is, trying to lead modernization through education. For example, the issue of sanitation was acute. The newspaper gave advice on the prevention of the cholera epidemic, raised the issue of cleaning the Churuk-Su river bed, local bazaars and public toilets, garbage collection, and the purchase of disinfection means ^[14] .

Gasprinsky also published in parts of the Terjiman newspaper his novels and short stories Molla Abbas, Arslan-kyyz (The Lioness Girl), Kun Dogdy (The Sun Rised) and One Hundred Years Later ^{[15 ]} .

The “translator” was quite popular not only in the Crimea, but also throughout the Turkic-Muslim society of Russia, as well as beyond its borders ^[2] .

• Newspaper Terjiman (Translator)
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  Founder and first editor of Translator I. Gasprinsky

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  Newspaper "Terjiman (Translator)" (1883-1918) No. 1 dated April 10, 1883 according to the old style

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  Shefika Gasprinskaya , editor of the Alem-i Nisvan application

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  Women's application " Alem-i Nisvan "

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  Typography of Terjiman newspaper

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  The house in Bakhchisarai , where the printing house was located.

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  The second and last editor of the newspaper, Asan Sabri Ayvazov

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  The censor of the newspaper in 1884-1905. Ilya Ilyich Kazas

“Terjiman” was published from 1883 to 1918 in the city of Bakhchisaray, first under the permanent editorship of I. Gasprinsky, and after his death in 1914, “Terjiman” was inherited by his son Refat, A. S. Aivazov took over as editor. Such Crimean Tatar figures as Asan Nuri, Ismail Lemanov, Osman Akchokrakly , Ali Bodaninsky wrote for the newspaper. A young Veli Ibraimov worked in the newspaper’s printing house. According to Asan Sabri Ayvazov, the circulation of Terjiman reached 16 thousand copies ^[6] .

In 1917, after the February Revolution , the upsurge of the national movement of the Crimean Tatars began, which had a democratic, liberal and petty-bourgeois trend. The newspaper, taking advantage of the declared freedom of the press, actively covered all political and social issues; its authors were among the organizers of the Provisional Muslim Revolutionary Committee, the Muslim Bureau for the preparation of the convocation of the All-Russian Muslim Congress, the All-Crimean Muslim Congress. When the Crimean People’s Republic entered into armed confrontation with the Sevastopol Council in January 1918 and its forces were defeated, the Red Guards entered Bakhchisarai. Soon, Terdzhiman, which supported the Crimean Tatar national democratic direction as opposed to the Bolsheviks, was closed. After the expulsion of the Reds in April 1918, it no longer resumed. According to a common version, the newspaper was closed by the Bolsheviks. However, Professor I. Kerimov believes that the closure is due to internal reasons, since its main authors moved to Simferopol in the summer of 1917 to publish the newspaper Millet ^[1] .

The newspaper was highly appreciated by contemporaries. Assessing the fruits of the newspaper’s 25 years of activity, the author of an editorial in the journal Shura wrote in 1908 the following ^[16] :

“In order to see the scale of Terjiman’s activities, one would have to look at several thousand schools of the sound method, which began to open not only in Russia but also in the Muslim community abroad, on the“ societies ”that appeared in all parts of Russia, on journalists, writers and poets who have sprung up in Tatar society like flowers that have barely opened, and into hundreds of their works and translations, to teachers and teachers who consider teaching their sacred calling, to women and girls who not only learned to read and write, but also they began to adorn the pages of our press with their thoughts and pen, on our scientists, the lights of thought that are at the head of the nation ( millet ), serving the ideas of straightening and renewal, on the wealthy part of the population, sacrificing for the good of the nation ( milliettes ) ... ”

At present, for historians, Terjimana subscriptions are a valuable source of information about all aspects of the life of the Crimean Tatar society and other Turkic peoples at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries ^{[11] [12] [13] [14]} . It also reflects the development of the ideas of pan-Turkism in the territory of the Russian Empire . Based on these materials, historical studies are published, several doctoral dissertations are defended ^[6] .

In higher educational institutions of Crimea and cultural institutions, as part of events to perpetuate the memory of I. Gasprinsky, seminars are held on his printed brainchild. On April 10, 2009, a round table was held in the Republican Crimean Tatar Library named after I. Gasprinsky in Simferopol, timed to coincide with the day of the first issue of the newspaper Terdzhiman ^[17] .

• Kerimov I. A. Gasprinsky “Dzhanly” tariffs. ("Living" story of I. Gasprinsky. According to the materials of the newspaper "Terdzhiman": 1883 - 1914). [Selection and layout of materials, transliteration from Arabica, glossaries, comments, archival references, a dictionary of difficult words, introductory article]. - Aqmescit: Tarpan, 1999 .-- 408 p.
• Abdullaeva Z. The newspaper “Translator-Terdzhiman” as a source for studying the activities of the Tauride Mohammedan spiritual government (late 19th - early 20th centuries) (Russian) // Ismail Gasprinsky - enlightener of the peoples of the East. - M. , 2001. - S. 185–215 .
• Bogdanovіch I. A. Newspaper “Terdzhiman” as a jerelo from history of reformed processes in Muslim communities of the Russian Empire (Ukrainian) // Scientific notes of Taurida National University named after IN AND. Vernadsky. - Simferopol, 2002. - T. 15 , No. 1 . - S. 103–106 .
• Abibullaeva D. I. The problem of emigration of the Crimean Tatars on the pages of the newspaper "Terdzhiman" // Series "Historical Sciences": special issue "History of Ukraine". Scientific notes of the Tauride National University. IN AND. Vernadsky .. - 2010.- T. 23 (62) , No. 1 . - S. 3–9 .
• D. S. Brileva. I. Gasprinsky and the newspaper Terdzhiman in the journal Shura (1908–1917) (Russian) // Islamic Studies. HISTORY OF ISLAM HISTORY OF ISLAM. - 2015.- T. 6 , No. 2 (24) . - S. 5-16 . - ISSN 2077-8155 .
• Abduramanova S. N. Newspaper “Terdzhiman” as a source for the study of social life in Crimea at the end of the 19th century (Russian) // "İlmiy Qırım" milliy mecmua Research Institute of Crimean Tatar Philology, History and Culture of Crimean Ethnicities GBOUVO RK KIPU. - Simferopol, 2016. - No. 4 .

• Electronic copies of the “Translator” in the guide of the National Library of Russia “Newspapers on and Off the Net”
• Electronic copies of the “Flyer of Announcements” in the guide of the National Library of Russia “Newspapers on and Off the Net”
• Electronic copies of the literary and scientific department of the Translator for 1893-1894 in the guide of the National Library of Russia "Newspapers on and Off the Net"
• Electronic copies of "ترجمان" ("Terjimana") in the guide of the National Library of Russia "Newspapers on and Off the Net"
• Gasprinsky I. Russia and the East. - Kazan, 1993; Khabutdinov A. Formation of the nation and the main directions of development of Tatar society in the late XVIII - early XX centuries. - Kazan, 2001.
• Seitmemetova S. A. Genres and types of publications in the newspaper Terdzhiman
• Kamil Aliyev. First-born of a pan-Turkic newspaper (“Yldash / Times”, April 12, 2013)
• Rozdil 1. Ethnic Pres. Krimu Kintsia of the 19th century - the cob of the 20th century: go ahead of the crooks until you walk firmly
• The newspaper "Terdzhiman" as an encyclopedia of Crimean Tatar life
• About the Tarjeman newspaper on ourbaku.com
• “Tilde, Ishte, Fikyrd Birlik” 127th anniversary of the publication of the newspaper “Terjiman”