Siberian Republic (July 04 (17), 1918 [1] - November 3, 1918) - the self-name [2] of Siberian statehood that existed for half a year under the leadership of the Provisional Siberian Government [3] , which operated from June to November 1918 on the territory of Russia covered by the Civil War from Urals to the Pacific Ocean, including CER and Harbin .
| unrecognized state | |||
| Siberian republic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| |||
 | |||
←  ←  → →July 4 (17) - November 3 1918 | |||
| Capital | Omsk | ||
| Languages) | Russian | ||
| Religion | Orthodoxy , Buddhism , shamanism , Old Believers | ||
| Currency unit | ruble | ||
| Military establishment | Siberian army | ||
| Form of government | secular unitary parliamentary republic | ||
| Official language | |||
| Chairman of the Provisional Government | |||
| • | P.V. Vologodsky | ||
Content
Background
The emergence of the Siberian Republic was the result of many years of struggle of Siberian regional workers for the sovereignty of the region (for example, from December 1917 to May 1918 the regional people created their own authorities, ready to take control of Siberia) [4] . The ideological basis of the Siberian Republic was Siberian regionalism (whose supporters occupied most of the ministerial posts in the government of the new state) [3] .
History of the Republic
| The future historian should clearly note that in 1918, for 4 months there was an independent Siberian republic.Gins G.K. Siberia, the Allies and Kolchak [2] |
The executive power belonged to the Provisional Siberian government, headed by P.V. Vologodsky , which was located in Omsk [4] , and the legislative branch to the Siberian Regional Duma . The basis of the armed forces was the Siberian Army . The separatist, regionalist mood was very strong in the Siberian army , which consisted of several tens of thousands of people, so it became one of the pillars of Siberian statehood [3] .
On July 4, 1918, in Omsk, the Provisional Siberian Government, under the leadership of P.V. Vologodsky, adopted the “ Declaration of State Independence of Siberia ” [5] , which was canceled on November 3, 1918 [6] .
The declaration proclaimed the international legal personality, unrestrictedness and independence of state power of the Provisional Siberian Government, and also adopted the coat of arms, anthem and flag of autonomous Siberia [7] . In the fall of 1918, as a result of the flight of people from European Russia, the influence of the regional people in Siberia itself weakened [4] . On the other hand, the indigenous peoples of Siberia advocated the creation of their own national formations and did not support Siberian regionalists [4] .
Inside the Siberian Republic, there was a struggle between the liberal (in the person of the Provisional Siberian Government ) and the socialist wing of regionalism (in the person of the Siberian Regional Duma ), which ended in the fall of 1918 with the dissolution of the Siberian Regional Duma [4] . One of the consequences of the conflict was the crisis of Siberian statehood, expressed in the collapse of the Cabinet of Ministers, the weakening of civilian power and the strengthening of military power, as well as a series of uprisings [7] . The liberal movement of the oblasts made an alliance with the all-Russian political forces and sacrificed the idea of Siberian separatism in order to consolidate the white forces for the offensive on Moscow [3] - as they stated, “it was impossible to go to Moscow with regional slogans” [4] .
The Siberian Republic was self-liquidated after the formation on September 23, 1918 at the State meeting in Ufa of the Provisional All-Russian Government, the so-called "Ufa Directory" (officially - the Provisional All-Russian Government) , which was transferred power over Siberia in accordance with the declaration of November 3, 1918 [4 ] .
On November 3 (4?), 1918, the Siberian Republic, as well as all regional, national, and Cossack entities that existed in eastern Russia, merged with the newly created Provisional All-Russian Government according to the declaration "On the transfer of supreme power in Siberia to the Provisional All-Russian Government." The Government of the Siberian Republic was abolished, and its authorities were transformed into bodies of the Provisional All-Russian Government [4] [8] .
The reason for the disappearance of the Siberian Republic was the crowding out of the idea of Siberian separatism by the all-Russian political forces during the civil war. From the Siberian Republic, only a few and marginal supporters of Siberian separatism remained, who during 1919 tried to revive Siberian statehood, but their attempts ended in failure [3] .
Historiography
The question of the nature of the Siberian Republic is a subject of discussion among specialists. The historian A. V. Sushko speaks of the formation of Siberian statehood during the years of the civil war [3] . According to O. F. Gordeev, in Siberia during the years of the civil war there were not full-fledged states, but temporary state formations [9] . By temporary state formations, he means political entities that have some features of the state on the territory of Siberia that existed during the years of the civil war of 1918–1920 and were governed by anti-Bolshevik governments [9] . The term "temporary state formations" as applied to anti-Bolshevik Siberia was first introduced by Yu. G. Lonchakov [10] . According to A.N. Nikitin, during the years of the Civil War, the formation of statehood in Siberia took place [7] .
See also
- Siberian regionalism
Notes
- ↑ Komaritsyn S.
- ↑ 1 2 Gins G.K. , 1921. - T. 1. - Part I. - Ch. V. - S. 121. , §. State independence of Siberia ..
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sushko A.V. , 2010 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sushko A.V. , June 2009 .
- ↑ Declaration of 4 (17) .07.19.1918 .
- ↑ Shilovsky M.V. , 1994 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Nikitin A.N. , 2007 .
- ↑ Sushko A.V. , 2010 , 172-173.
- ↑ 1 2 Gordeev O.F. , 2003 .
- ↑ Lonchakov Yu.G. , 1997 .
Literature
- Gins G.K. Siberia, the Allies and Kolchak. - Beijing: Russian Renaissance Society. , 1921. - Volume 1 , Volume 2 .; M .: Iris Press, 2008 .-- ISBN 978-5-8112-3010-5 .
- Declaration of the Provisional Siberian Government on the state independence of Siberia on July 4, 1918 // "Collection of legalizations and orders of the Provisional Siberian Government", July 18, 1918. - No. 2 - P. 9. - cit. by Maksakov V., Turunov A. Chronicle of the civil war in Siberia (1917−1918). - M. - L .: State Publishing House, 1926. - doc. No. 70 .; Scientific and educational journal Skepsis (scepsis.ru) (Retrieved March 20, 2013) There is an error in dating on the site - see here. See also: [1] [2] .
- Sushko A.V. Siberian nationalism and the struggle for power in the region (March 1917 - November 1918) // Tomsk State University Bulletin. - June 2009. - No. 323 . - S. 174−179 . - ISSN 1561-7793 .
- Sushko A.V. Sovereignty processes in Siberia (February 1917-1923): Diss. ... Dr. ist. Sciences: 07.00.02 . - Omsk, 2010. - § 4.1. The formation of Siberian statehood and its elimination.
- Gordeev O. F. The agrarian policy of temporary state formations in Siberia during the Civil War (End of 1917−1920): Diss. ... Dr. ist. Sciences: 07.00.02 . - Krasnoyarsk, 2003 .-- 411 p. - RSL OD, 71: 04-7 / 61.
- Nikitin A. N. Statehood of “white” Russia: formation, evolution, collapse (1918−1920): Abstract of thesis. ... Dr. jur. Sciences: 12.00.01 . - M .: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2007.
- Lonchakov Yu. G. Agrarian policy of temporary state units on the territory of Siberia (1918 −1919) Diss ... Cand. East. Sciences .. - Novosibirsk, 1997.
- Shilovsky M.V. Chronicle of the regional movement in Siberia (1852−1919) // Materials on the chronicle of the social movement in Siberia in 1895−1917 .. - Tomsk, 1994. - Issue. 1 . - S. 6−16 . ; Website of Tomsk Regional Universal Scientific Library named after A.S. Pushkin (oblastnichestvo.lib.tomsk.ru) (Retrieved March 17, 2013)
- Komaritsyn Sergey. Siberian Spring // The site of the municipal newspaper of Krasnoyarsk "City News" (gornovosti.ru), 07/12/2013. - No. 2801 ..