The Vorotinsky principality is one of the Verkhovian principalities , which was formed as a result of the collapse of the Novosilsky principality after the death of Prince Novosilsky and Odoevsky Yuri Romanovich (Black) with the capital in the city of Vorotynsk .
| The Principality | |
| Principality of Vorotyn | |
|---|---|
 1st third - end of the 15th century | |
←   →1430s - 1562 | |
| Capital | Vorotynsk |
| Languages) | Russian |
| Religion | Orthodoxy |
| Population | East Slavs |
| Form of government | hereditary monarchy of the ladder type |
| Dynasty | Rurikovich : clan Svyatoslavich branch of the Olgovichi |
| Prince | |
| • killed in 1432 | Vasily Lvovich (first) |
| • 1432 - 1480 | Fedor Lvovich (second) |
| • 1535 - 1562 | Mikhail Ivanovich (last) |
| Story | |
| • First quarter XV century | The allocation of the Vorotynsky inheritance from the Novosilsk-Odoevsky principality |
| • 1430s | The formation of a specific principality after the collapse of Novosilsko-Odoevsky |
| • 1487-1492 | Transition of princes Vorotynsky to Moscow service |
| • 1562 | The elimination of the principality |
It was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , but, like Odoevsky , enjoyed complete internal autonomy. Union-contractual relations connected them with the Lithuanian Grand Dukes, but they did not take part in the common affairs of the State of Lithuania. Vorotinsky and Odoyevsky princes did not turn into ordinary fiefs ; they managed to maintain their princely rights until the end of the 15th century. Odoevsky and Vorotynsky destinies were not grand ducal awards. There is no mention of any awards in the Novosilsko-Odoevsky lands of the Lithuanian sovereign. The Vorotynsky princes had their own boyars and armed squads, who raided neighboring territories and were bestowed for their service with villages, including those received from the Lithuanian princes. In particular, whole volosts were granted to Prince Fyodor Lvovich and his children by the Lithuanian princes - in the upper reaches of the Ugra and Desna rivers in the Smolensk region . Fyodor Lvovich Vorotynsky was associated with Lithuania and family ties. He was married to the granddaughter of Olgerd , Maria Koributovna, due to which he was perceived as a relative of the ruling dynasty. At the end of the 15th century, representatives of the princely Vorotinsky family decided to leave Lithuania and transfer to Moscow jurisdiction. The transition was legally formalized as a result of the Russo-Lithuanian war of 1487-1494 , after which the principality as part of the Russian kingdom , with the same ruling dynasty, lasted until 1562 and was eliminated during the reign of Ivan the Terrible [1] [2] [3] .
Content
Geography
Vorotynsky lot was located in the northern part of the Novosilsk-Odoevsky principality and bordered on the Grand Duchy of Moscow - now the western part of the territory of the Przemysl district of the Kaluga region . The main waterways were the Oka , Zhizdra and Vyssa . Initially, the principality occupied a small territory. But Prince Fyodor Lvovich, faithfully serving the king and Grand Duke Casimir and thanks to his skillful policy, once turned the small Vorotinsky lot into a huge possession, in which the indigenous lands made up only a small part. The principality includes lands and cities formerly owned by the liquidated Smolensk, Karachevsky and Kozelsky principalities: Przemysl , Kozelsk , Mosalsk , Nedokhodov, Serpeysk , Byshkovichi, Zalidov , Opakov , Gorodechnya , Luchin, Ozeresk, Dmitrov , Serensk [4] .
History
As part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
In the first quarter of the 15th century, Prince Yuri Romanovich (Black) included the Belevsky and Vorotynsky appanages as part of the Novosilsk-Odoevsky principality. Vorotynsky inheritance was granted to his nephews by princes Vasily and Fyodor Lvovich. After the death of Yuri Romanovich (around 1432), the Novosilsko-Odoyevsky principality split into three specific. The previously allocated destinies turned into independent principalities. From the moment of its birth, the Principality of Vorotynsky on a contractual basis became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. According to written sources, the completion of the Novosilsky princes with Lithuania was concluded separately for each specific principality [5] .
During the feudal civil war of 1432-1438 in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Vorotynsky princes supported the Lithuanian Prince Svidrigailo , sending the Vorotynsky squad led by Vasily Lvovich Vorotynsky to help. But the battle near the city of Oshmyany in December 1432 was lost, and Prince Vasily was killed. After the internecine war ended in Lithuania, in 1442, the senior (at that time) prince of the Novosilsky house, Fyodor Lvovich Vorotynsky, concluded with Kazimir the completion of his service and subordinate position, but he remained an independent ruler in his ancestral lands. The treaty of 1483 of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir with the sons of Fedor Lvovich - princes Dmitry, Semyon and theirbrother Ivan Mikhailovich, who was titled as the prince "Novosilsky and Odoevsky and Vorotynsky", indicates that seniority in the family was at the Vorotynsky princes [6] [7] .
Under the jurisdiction of Moscow and liquidation
After 1480 - standing on the Ugra and the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke , the political situation in the border regions of Lithuania and the Moscow Principality changed dramatically. The growth of Moscow’s power and the weakening of the Lithuanian-Russian state affected it. For Russia, the greatest threat, especially for the southern regions - the Verkhovian principalities, was the Crimean Tatar Khanate , which arose as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde . Many Novosil and Vorotins princes, including Fedor Lvovich, still continued to serve Casimir IV, but the choice of a new overlord was predetermined. And already in 1487, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky went to serve the Tsar of Moscow, then in 1489 his uncle Dmitry Fedorovich, and in 1492 - Semyon Fedorovich. The Vorotynsky princes who joined the Moscow service helped Ivan III take Mosalsk, Mezetsk, Serpeysk, and Vyazma [8] [9] .
According to the peace treaty of 1494 between Moscow and Lithuania, only the lands of the patrimonial ancestors of the Vorotynsky princes were transferred to the Moscow principality. They lost almost all the possessions obtained in the service of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. As compensation, Ivan III gave them a large portion of Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Odoevsky , who remained in the service of Lithuania. But soon after the next Russo-Lithuanian war of 1500-1503, the lands and cities that were part of the principalities of Vorotynsky and Odoevsky until 1494 went to Moscow. In 1534, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky was arrested and exiled to Beloozero , where he died in 1535. His inheritance was inherited by sons: Vladimir, Mikhail and Alexander. Vladimir died in 1553. In 1562, Mikhail and Alexander Ivanovich allegedly “for cheating” were arrested and exiled, and their estate was acquired by Ivan the Terrible . The Principality ceased to exist. The princes Vorotynsky, Belevsky and Odoevsky were among the last unit princes of the Moscow principality. Specific principalities contradicted the very essence of the Moscow state, which stood on the path to centralization. The descendants of the princes Vorotynsky became part of the Moscow aristocracy of the XVII century [10] .
Genealogy of the Vorotynsky Princely House
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Principality Capital
The city with the name "Vorotinesk" is mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle for 1155 [17] . The exact geographical location of the annals of old Vorotynsk has not been established. One of the proposed locations is a hillfort on the outskirts of the village of Vorotynska on the Vyssa River. In the XIV century, a new Vorotynsk was rebuilt and arose, which became the center of the Vorotynsky principality. After the Russo-Lithuanian war (1406-1408) in 1408 Vorotynsk moved to Lithuania and is already mentioned among Lithuanian cities in the List of Russian cities far and near . In 1565, part of the liquidated inheritance was returned to Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky, but Vorotynsk himself remained in the possession of the king. Unlike border cities, it was not strengthened or rebuilt, military units were not placed in it, in the 16th century the name of not one Vorotins governor was known and the city is very rarely mentioned in chronicles of that time [18] [19] .
According to archaeological research, one can judge the culture of the population of that time. The cultural layer consists of two horizons: the lower one dates from the 4th – 6th centuries. and belongs to the Moshchinsky type of the Baltic peoples; Upper Old Russian - to the XIII-XVII centuries. In the construction of the shaft, two different construction periods are visible. The first earthen embankment 3 meters high was built by the 13th century. In the 14th century, the embankment of the rampart was enlarged, and on the front side the earthen core of the rampart was reinforced with a wooden structure made of oak logs, also covered with earth, and the defensive structure was reinforced with the construction of wooden walls [20] .
Money
As money on the territory of the Vorotynsky inheritance (as well as the Novosilsky principality as a whole), mainly Dzhuchid silver coins of the Golden Horde - dangi , as well as coins of various Russian principalities and Prague pennies , which were widespread in the principality of Lithuania, were used. This is confirmed by the treasures of coins found in the territory that was part of the principality. Tatar danges in treasures make up 90%, Lithuanian coins - a small amount [21] [22] .
Notes
- ↑ Crom, 2010 , p. 43, 52.
- ↑ Crom, 1995 , p. 42.
- ↑ Shekov, 2012 , p. 139, 142, 145.
- ↑ Shekov, 2012 , p. 161.
- ↑ Crom, 1995 , p. 40, 41.
- ↑ 1 2 Shekov, 2012 , p. 142.
- ↑ Crom, 2010 , p. 43-82.
- ↑ Bespalov R. A. Vorotynsky princedom in the 15th century and the localization of Vorotynsk “old” and “new” in 1499 // Questions of archeology, history and culture of Upper Pochye: Materials of the XIV All-Russian Scientific Conference April 5-7, 2011. - Kaluga: Polygraph -Inform, 2012 .-- S. 70-77.
- ↑ Shekov, 2012 , p. 179.
- ↑ Shekov, 2012 , p. 191, 203, 216-220.
- ↑ Crom, 1995 , p. 37.
- ↑ Bespalov R. A. On the chronology of the life of Prince Fyodor Lvovich Vorotynsky // Bulletin of the RSUH. Moscow: magazine. - 2012. - No. 21 . - S. 24-40 . - ISSN 1998-6769 .
- ↑ Zotov R.V. On the Princes of Chernigov according to the Lyubetsk Synodic and the Princes of Chernigov in Tatar times . - SPb. : Publication of the Archaeographic Commission, 1892. - 327 p.
- ↑ Shekov, 2012 , p. 186.
- ↑ Crom, 1995 , p. 41.
- ↑ Shekov, 2012 , p. 193.
- ↑ Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Ipatiev Chronicle. - SPb. , 1908. - T. 2. - S. 330. - 638 p.
- ↑ Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2006 , p. 728.
- ↑ Nedelin, 2012 , p. 200-202.
- ↑ Nikolskaya, 1981 , p. 148, 175, 176.
- ↑ Bespalov R.A. Money circulation in the upper reaches of the Oka and Don rivers . - 2011 .-- S. 84-97 . - ISBN 978–5–903587–16–2.
- ↑ Bespalov R. A., Kazarov A. A. Treasures and money complexes of the first third of the XV century, discovered in the upper reaches of the Oka, Don and Desna in 2008-2011 . - 2013 .-- S. 72—86 . - ISBN 978–5–903587–25–4.
Literature
- Krom M. M. Between Russia and Lithuania. Western Russian lands in the system of Russian-Lithuanian relations at the end of the XV — first third of the XVI century .. - M .: Archaeographic Center, 1995. - 304 p. - ISBN 5-86169-011-1 , ISBN 5-86169-013-8 .
- Krom M. M. Between Russia and Lithuania: Frontier Lands in the System of Russian-Lithuanian Relations at the End of the 15th — First Third of the 16th Centuries . - M .: Quadriga, 2010 .-- 320 p. - ISBN 978-5-91791-028-4 .
- Shekov A.V. Verkhovian principalities. The middle of the XIII — the middle of the XVI century. Historical and geographical research / Ed. By A. V. Kuzmin, M. M. Krom , S. Z. Chernova . - M .: Quadriga, 2012 .-- 364 p. - ISBN 978-5-91791-016-1 ; ISBN 978-5-93165-312-9 .
- Vorotynsk / Massalitina G.A. // Grand Duke - Ascending node of the orbit. - M .: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2006. - S. 728. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 5). - ISBN 5-85270-334-6 .
- Nedelin V.M. Ancient cities of the Oryol land. XII-XVIII centuries. Story. Architecture. Life and life / response. A.I. Lysenko. - Eagle: Spring Water , 2012 .-- 561 p. - ISBN 978-5-87295-280-0 .
- Nikolskaya T.N. Vyatichi Land. On the history of the population of the upper and middle Oka basin in the 9th-13th centuries .. - M .: Nauka, 1981. - 296 p.
Further reading
- Sychev N.V. Novosilsko-Odoyevsky princedom . - M. , 2016 .-- S. 50-78, 129-133. - 536 p.