Tianjin treatises ( Eng. Treaties of Tianjin , Chinese 天津 条约 ) - a series of treaties between the Qing Empire and the Western powers, signed in Tianjin in 1858 after the Qing Empire lost the battle for the fort of Dagu .
The treatises were ratified by the Chinese emperor only in 1860, after the Qing Empire lost the Second Opium War .
Content
Russian-Chinese treatise
The Tianjin Russian-Chinese treatise was signed on June 1 (13), 1858 , by the Russian Commissioner in China, E. V. Putyatin, and the Plenipotentiary of the Chinese side, Hua Shan. It consisted of 12 articles and expanded the political and trade rights of Russia in China, provided for the determination of a part of the border between Russia and China that had not been established until then.
It was planned to create responsible groups of researchers who would study the situation on the spot and agree on the border line. This document says:
“On the purpose of the borders, a detailed description and maps of adjacent spaces will be made, which will serve both governments for the future as indisputable documents on the borders.”
Since the Aigun Treaty, concluded in May of that year, did not differentiate land from Ussuri to the sea, the Russian government sent a special mission to Beijing for further negotiations, headed by Count N.P. Ignatiev .
Sino-American Treaty
It was concluded on June 18, 1858. Consisted of 30 articles.
The agreement allowed the United States to establish an embassy in Beijing, opened a number of new ports for trade, recognized the rights of Christians to profess and preach their religion.
English-Chinese treatise
It was concluded on June 26, 1858. Consisted of 56 articles.
In addition to provisions similar to the US-Chinese treatise, the Anglo-Chinese treatise also stipulated the right to navigate the Yangtze , addressed issues related to British sovereignty over Hong Kong . Article 51 specifically stipulated that, in relation to subjects of the British Empire, the character . , Meaning barbarian, should no longer be used.
Franco-Chinese treatise
It was concluded on June 27, 1858.
Literature
- Gusterin P.V. Archimandrite Avvakum (on the history of the Tianjin treatise of 1858) // New and modern history. 2008, No. 6.