Cemetery Vagankovsky

The name of the cemetery comes from the name of the village of Vagankovo , and versions of the origin of its name vary. Vladimir Dal noted that the word “vaganite” refers to the Vologda dialect and means “amuse, play, joke, indulge” ^[4] . This is the most common explanation for the name of the Vagankovo settlement , in which the court jesters , buffoons and guslars lived ^[5] .

The name could also be associated with the tract : the tributary of the Northern Dvina had a settlement of Vogans or Vozhans - residents of the Vazhskaya region ^[6] . Vogany established relations with Novgorod in the XI century , and later with Moscow ^[7] .

Other possible versions are related to the cash tax for weighing the goods - wagons ^[6] . Vagans were called troughs hollowed out of the deck, of which Little Russian Cossacks ate kulesh ^[6] . The name may also include vagantas - the brotherhood of wandering students that existed in the 11th-14th centuries in Western Europe , probably, in this case, this is just a phonetic similarity ^[8] .

First Owners

In the XIII - XIV centuries, on the site of the Russian State Library was the palace village of Vagankovo ​​-

the village of the royal comrades: from hounds and falconers to musicians and buffoons. Here the townspeople held fist fights , wall to wall fought, arranged games and fun ^[9] . In memory of this, Starovagankovsky Lane exists between Znamenka and Vozdvizhenka streets ^[10] .

At the end of the XIV century, these lands belonged to the hero of the Battle of Kulikovo, Prince Vladimir Andreevich Khrabrom . In the year 1410, after his death, the lands were transferred to Metropolitan Photius . Later, the territory partially passed into royal and urban possession ^[11] . In the XV century, on the territory of the village, there was a country house of Princess Sophia Vitovtovna ^[6] .

The first mention of the village of Vagankovo ​​dates back to 1508 . In the Novgorod annals, it is indicated standing "on the Goat Ford" ^[12] . Aleviz Fryazin in 1514 erected a stone church in the settlement in honor of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary with an aisle of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker ^[13] .

Royal kennels

At the end of the XV century, Ivan III founded near the village of Psarenny Yard for breeding hunting dogs ^[14] . In May 1628, Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich , as a pious man, by decree forbade festivities - "this pagan" bezlepitsy "" ^[15] . Patriarch Filaret imposed punishment with a whip for fighting and fist fights. In 1631, the Sovereign’s kennel was transferred from the Kremlin ^[16] to the Presnya river: first to the area of ​​the current Kudrinskaya Square , then to Volkov Lane , and then to the place of the current cemetery ^[10] . New Vagankovo ​​is located along the Vagankovo ​​road ( Krasnaya Presnya street and Zvenigorod highway ) - this territory is currently adjacent to the cemetery ^[7] . According to the code of 1649, the area was considered urban pasture land and was intended for grazing ^[17] . The settlement of sovereign hounds at the kennel existed from 1678 to 1695 ^[3] .

The beginning and end of the reign of Vasily Shuisky are associated with Vagankov. At the end of the 16th century, Shuisky arranged a country estate in the vicinity of the village of Vagankovo. And at the time of the appearance of False Dmitry I, Shuisky gathered troops there for the war against the intervention Poles ^[18] .

Cemetery Organization

The cemetery in the village appeared in 1696, but the official date of the founding of the Vagankovsky cemetery is 75 years later ^[2] . By the decree of the Governing Senate of March 24, 1771, this area was used for the burial of those who died from the plague epidemic - 20 special suburban areas were allocated for those who died from the disease, including the Vagankovsky cemetery ^{[19] [20]} . The decree of the Moscow Theological Consistory of October 6, 1771 required the burial of the dead from the plague, far from residential places and roads in deep holes. The original ranks of the cemeteries were mass graves . The deceased were not buried , visitors to the cemeteries rarely went for fear of contracting the plague. Nameless crosses were installed at the graves ^[19] .

By another decree of May 19, 1772, the Senate demanded that cemeteries be opened in convenient places with an area of ​​100 to 300 fathoms (no less than 110 and no more than 330 meters) ^[22] . Initially, about 25.6 hectares were allotted for the cemetery in the Vagankovo ​​region ^[22] .

In 1800, Governor General Ivan Saltykov issued an order requiring:

In 1830, a cholera epidemic took place in Moscow. South of Vagankovsky there was a small cemetery for those who died from this disease, later this territory became part of the expanded Vagankovsky cemetery ^[24] . In 1848, places for graves were divided into seven categories: places closer to the church were more expensive ^[25] , and on the seventh category, the poorest and most unknown were buried, and the victims of the Khodynka disaster of 1896 were buried there. The grave in the first section cost 200 rubles, in the sixth section - 50 kopecks, and in the seventh it cost free ^[26] .

Vagankovo ​​Extension

In 1885, the Kamer-Kollezhsky shaft , which served as the customs border of Moscow, was abolished, and all the "plague" burials were removed for it ^[27] . By 1887, the cemetery expanded to 37.5 ha ^[22] . Initially, Vagankovo ​​was not considered prestigious, nobles preferred necropolises at monasteries, but in the 19th and 20th centuries this cemetery gradually became a traditional burial place for creative intelligentsia: artists Vasily Surikov and Alexei Savrasov , scientist Kliment Timiryazev and others ^{[27] [10]} .

In December 1905, thousands of Moscow warrior workers fought against the tsarist troops for nine days. The center of the uprising became Presnya. To storm the barricades used Semenov Guards Regiment from St. Petersburg . The rebels were shot from guns. More than a thousand people were killed, most of them workers at the Prokhorov manufactory . Many of the dead were buried in a mass grave on the Timiryazevskaya Vagankovo ​​alley. The cemetery was repartitioned into sections. So, on the first site near the cemetery fence there is a mass grave of railway workers of the Moscow junction ^[28] .

In 1906, the cemetery officially entered the city limits ^[27] . By 1917, the area of ​​the cemetery was almost 50 ha ^[29] . In 1922, a campaign was held across the country to remove church property from churches. About 340 kilograms of gold and silver were taken from the Vagankovsky temple ^[30] .

In the 1920s and 1930s, several people were buried in political cemeteries at several cemeteries in the city, including Vagankovsky, ³¹ . In 1941-1942, two mass graves appeared at the cemetery: participants in the battle for Moscow and those killed in the city’s air bombing ^[32] . With the expansion of the territory of Moscow, by 1960, cemeteries of former cities and towns near Moscow began to appear in the city, and Vagankovskoye turned out to be the largest of the city ^[33] .

XVIII — XIX centuries

In 1771-1772, the construction of cemeteries was entrusted to the architect Viktor Bazhenov, but the minimum amounts were allocated for work. In 1771, the wooden church of John the Merciful was erected in the cemetery. The first wooden temples turned out to be small and simple and for 14 years completely worn out ^[22] . Subsequently, a chapel was put in its place ^[34]

In the summer of 1819, on the initiative of the merchants Bolotnov, they began the construction of a three-altar church in honor of the Resurrection of the Word. The temple was erected from 1819 to 1824 ^[35] . But the necropolis beautification complex also included the construction of a temple, a hotel and a walkway, the construction of an entrance gate and the renovation of the rampart around the cemetery ^[36] . In 1822, at the entrance, a complex of buildings was erected in the same style as the temple architecture, on the right of the gate, the construction of a one-story stone hotel was completed, and on the left, a stone house for three guards and two Cossack guards ^[37] .

In 1839, new buildings were built at the cemetery, a stone chapel was built to the right of the hotel to house the deceased before their burial. June 10, 1839 in the house to the left of the entrance opened an almshouse for 24 elderly women ^[38] . In the middle of the XIX century, the merchant, Alexandra Vasilievna Mazurina, donated 10 thousand rubles to the outbuilding of two chapels to the altar ^[39] .

In 1882, an architectural complex was created at the cemetery according to the project of the architect A. A. Grigoriev, which has survived to our time. It includes the Resurrection Church, two wings and the central gate ^[40] . In 1896, the temple was thoroughly renovated ^[41] .

XX century

In 1900-1902, the Church of St. Nicholas on the Three Mountains was completely rebuilt ^[42] . In 1916, the church of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called was erected on the site of the chapel, which still operates ^[34] . In 1929, the church was closed and an orphanage was opened in its place. The heads of the temple and the bell tower were broken ^[43] . In 1977, a two-story columbarium was erected on the site of dilapidated church houses ^[40] .

In 1990, the building of the orphanage was abandoned, in it the roof collapsed from old age ^[43] . In 1991, in a stone wing of a former hotel, which managed to serve as a building for a parish school , a church for baptism was equipped. In 1992, restoration began from the ruins of the church of St. Nicholas on the Three Mountains ^[42] . The work was carried out for eight years and ended on December 18, 2000, when the temple was re-consecrated ^[43] .

It is difficult to navigate the cemetery because of its large size: for 250 years of existence, 500 thousand Muscovites were buried in it. To date, about one fifth of the graves have been preserved ^[40] .

The modern cemetery is divided by alleys into 60 sites of different sizes - Central, Lipovaya, Pisatelskaya, Savrasovskaya, Eseninskaya, Surikovskaya and others, as well as paths - Tropininskaya, Paninsky, Prokhorovskaya, architect Shekhtel, Verstovsky and others ^[34] . The branch of Vagankovsky is the Armenian cemetery , which is located opposite Sergey Makeev Street ^[44] .

There are 259 objects of cultural heritage in the cemetery. The press service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia reported in 2014 that the contractors had stolen 14 million rubles of the total amount allocated for the restoration of the cemetery under a 2007 agreement with GBU "Ritual" ^[45] . In 2017, six graves of the family burial of architect Petro Skomoroshenko were restored at the cemetery, a tombstone in the form of a chapel on the grave of Rector John Priklonsky, an art tombstone on the grave of zoologist and archaeologist Sergei Usov , a family burial of architect Fyodor Shekhtel and two nameless tombstones and 14. On the grave of the architect Fyodor Shekhtel, a monument of sandstone, severely damaged for 90 years, was restored from archival photographs and drawings. Restoration cost 3 million rubles. In the near future, restoration of more than 100 gravestones is planned ^[46] .

According to Moslenta, the cost of a plot at the Vagankovsky cemetery “can equal the cost of a one-room or even a two-room apartment in Moscow,” because it is almost impossible to get into it. The closest in value cemetery - Troekurovskoye - is estimated at 3 million rubles per plot ^[47] .

In 2009, the chief architect of Moscow, Alexander Kuzmin, proposed adding a piece of land to the cemetery and arranging a parking there and another entrance: “There is federal land between the third transport ring and the cemetery, it can be used.” He also proposed changing the status of cemeteries in the master plan for the development of the city: from the "stabilization zone" to the "development zone" ^[48] .

In 2016, new signs were installed at the Vagankovskoye cemetery, as well as informational steles with highlighting in the form of open books near the entrance to the territory ^[49] . Vagankovo, along with the Troekurovsky and Novodevichy cemeteries , was included in a pilot project to install a free Wi-Fi network ^[50] . And in 2017, the Moscow City Hall selected 20 cemeteries, on which it is planned to replace walking paths ^[51] .

In 2019, a tour desk was organized in the cemetery. Accompanied by enthusiastic historians and local historians, one can now visit the iconic burials and graves of legendary compatriots.

Among the popular graves that are included in the tour of the cemetery are the graves of Vladimir Vysotsky , journalist Vlad Listyev and Sonya-Zolotoy Ruchki (her grave is empty) ^[1] . Poets Mikhail Tanich and Vadim Bayan ^[52] , clown Leonid Yengibarov , goalkeeper Lev Yashin , actors of the musical “Nord-Ost” who died during the capture of the theater - Arseniy Kurylenko (13 years old) and Kristina Kurbatova (12 years old) ^{[1 ] are} also buried in the cemetery. ^] .

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