Turkeys are words, expressions or grammatical constructions borrowed from or built in the manner of the Turkish language. Most widely represented in the Balkan languages of various origins (Romance, Slavic, Albanian, Indo-Aryan, Hungarian, Greek) [1] , but also penetrate into more distant languages, for example, into Russian , often as exotics in translated literature from Turkish or other Balkan languages [2] . An analysis of the Turkishisms that entered the languages of the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula during the 5th century Ottoman rule shows that many borrowed tokens are predominantly indirect, that is, these lexical units themselves came into Turkish from Arabic or Persian [3] .
Content
General characteristics
It is also noteworthy that basically the same turcisms penetrated into typologically different Balkan languages. However, since the end of the 19th century, when these countries left Ottoman influence, their fate developed in different ways. So, the word sa (h) at ( hour , time ) is used in the spoken Albanian and Macedonian languages, but is outdated in Bulgarian. Sometimes even literary versions of the same language demonstrate different approaches to the same turcisms: in the Albanian language of Kosovo, Pristina turcisms are often acceptable in all styles of speech and are even actively included in the Albanian dictionaries printed in this city. At the same time, in the Albanian-speaking Tirana they have a colloquial connotation and are often not included in modern dictionaries [4] .
Bulgarian language
A lot of Turkish words and phrases penetrated into the Bulgarian language . Moreover, suffixes of Turkish origin are also used in the language (eg, -jia [5] , -lk). Under the influence of the Turkish verb, the category of retelling mood (dubitative, renarrative) took shape in the Bulgarian. Also preserved is a group of special adjectives of Turkish origin that do not change by birth . Traces of Turkish influence are also found in the syntax [6] .
Romanian language
Due to their remoteness from the main Turkish-speaking massif, turcisms in the modern Romanian language have a predominantly residual lexical character. For example: geam ( window ) [7] .
Greek language
Turcisms once widely penetrated into the Greek language . Proponents of purism systematically reduced Turkish influence in literary vocabulary after 1828: out of 45,000 lexical units of the dictionary of the modern literary Greek language of turcism, only 1.5%. But their number is higher in dialect dictionaries: in the dialect of Castellorizo, their share reaches 3%, in Cypriot dialect - 12.8%, in the dialect of the inhabitants of the island of Samothrace - 20% [8] .
Examples of Turism
- Kisei
- Sausage
- Ataman
Notes
- ↑ http://www.helsinki.fi/slavicahelsingiensia/preview/sh41/pdf/1.pdf
- ↑ About turcisms in Russian and Ukrainian translations of Serbian folk poetry
- ↑ Lexical borrowings as a way of expanding the conceptual system of language - abstract and dissertation on philology. Download for free the full text of the dissertation ...
- ↑ http://sites.utoronto.ca/slavic/kramer/Kramer%20PDF/BajGanjo.PDF
- ↑ Archived copy (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment April 2, 2015. Archived April 2, 2015.
- ↑ Bulgarian language: lexical composition
- ↑ geam - definitie | Dex online
- ↑ Lexical borrowings as a way of expanding the conceptual system of language - abstract and dissertation on philology. Download for free the full text of the dissertation ...