Itsamnah-Balam IV (literal translation of the name: “Itsamna-Jaguar” ; at birth it was named Muyal-Chan-Toh-At Chelet-Chan-Kinich , which translates as “Cloudy Heavenly Straight Phallus, Leaning on the Scorching Sky” ) - Mayan ruler kingdom of Pachan , who ruled from 771 until his death after 800 . The son and heir of King Yashun-Balam IV .
| Itsamnah Balam IV | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Predecessor | Yashun Balam IV | ||||||
| Successor | Kinich-Tatbu-Khol III | ||||||
| Birth | |||||||
| Birth name | Muyal-Chan-Toh-At Chelet-Chan-Kinich | ||||||
| Father | |||||||
In foreign policy, Yokib fought against Pachan’s longtime rival, but could not achieve complete victory over him, his successor did it. Itsamnah-Balam managed to defeat and unite many neighboring kingdoms under his rule, thereby laying the foundation for his successor to complete victory over Yokib [1] .
Biography
Muyal-Chan-Toh-At Chelet-Chan-Kinich ( "Cloudy Heavenly Straight Phallus, Leaning on the Sky Scorching" [2] [1] ) ascended the throne of the Kingdom of Pachan in 771 after the death of his father, Yashun-Balam IV, accepting the throne the name of Itzamnah-Balam , meaning one of the hypostases of the god Itzamna . According to stela 21 from Yashchilan , he also assumed the title of U-Chan Tahal-Mo ( “Master of the Great Parrot” ). In 772, Itsamnah-Balam performed a ritual of sacrificial bloodletting [2] [3] .
Since the 80s of the VIII century, Itsamnah-Balam IV has pursued an active foreign policy to expand the borders of its state. According to panel 1 from Lashtunich , in the summer of 783, Itzamnakh-Balam captured the main wyab (a special court title of the priests responsible for the “connection” with the world of the gods) from Choktelnakh , as well as two other noble captives. Around 785 , according to stele 2 from Bonampak , Itzamnakh-Balam gave his sister Ish-Yash-Chit-Khun-Vinik-Nah-Kan ( “Woman-Serpent with a Water Lily” ) to marry King Ake and Shukalnakh (in Bonampak) Yahav -Chan-Muvana II ( "King of the sky - Owl" ). At the beginning of 787, Itsamnah-Balam, together with his son-in-law Yahav-Chan-Muvan II, started a war with the state of Saktsi , in which he soon won, as evidenced by the data of fences 1 and 2 from Bonampak. As a result of the victory, Ah-Ho-Bak ( “He who has five prisoners” ) and Shukub-Ak ( “Turtle” ), relatives of the king of Saktsi Yet-Kinich ( “Sputnik Singe” ) were captured . This was his most significant military success. Thanks to this victory, his position in the south was significantly strengthened [2] [3] [1] .
After defeating Saktsi, Itsamnah-Balam carried out a series of campaigns against neighboring city states north and east of Pachan in the late 780s and early 790s and captured several high-ranking prisoners, which was noted at the top of stela 21 in Yashchilan [1] .
In 796–800, he defeated the kingdoms of Naman (in 796–797), Ik , Lakamtun (located on the eastern border of Pachan somewhere near the Usumasinta current), Hishvits and Man [3] [1] .
Moreover, presumably, the kingdom of Ik Itzamnakh-Balam IV did not triumph on his own initiative, but in support of his ally (this assumption is based on the fact that the kingdoms of Pacan and Ik were too far apart for one of them to attack to another). During the conflict with Lakamtun, a certain noble man was captured, which is reported on the hieroglyphic staircase 5 from Yashchilan [1] .
The kingdoms of Hishwitz and Naman were politically dependent on the Yokib kingdom hostile to Pachan. However, at the moment when Itsamnah-Balam began military operations against them, Yokib was too weak as a result of the two previous wars and could not help the allies. Itzamna Balam IV took advantage of this and attacked Naman first. As a result of the war, King Namana himself was captured. This was important for Itzamnah-Balam, for the entire stela 5 in Yashchilan was dedicated to this incident. After this, King Pachana defeated and captured, apparently, a certain military leader or subordinate king Naman, whose name is unknown. As a result, Itsamnah-Balam IV was completely captured by Naman [1] .
In 798, Itsamnah-Balam made a campaign against an unknown state, presumably located on the border between Naman, Pachan and Hishvits. As a result of the campaign, a certain Ah-Sak-Vol was captured, nothing more is known about the results of the campaign [1] .
In 799, Itsamnah Balam IV conquered the kingdom of Hishwitz. Part of the information about this event was lost, but it is known that on March 30 he overthrew the ruler Hishwits Kinich-Balam and put his vassal in his place. According to Safronov, this was the result of a military conflict initiated by Itzamnah-Balam IV, in which he won. But as a result of these events, he was not able to completely capture Hishvits. At the end of 799, he caught the “youth” of Siyah-Chan-Cavil, probably associated with Hishwitz. According to Safronov, Siyah-Chan-Cavil, being a relative of Kinich-Balam, tried to raise a rebellion, which, apparently, was crushed [1] .
At the end of 799 - the beginning of 800, Itzamnakh-Balam IV conducted a military campaign, during which he invaded the kingdom of Lakamtun , defeated and captured him [1] . He died shortly after 800 [3] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Safronov, Alexander of the Conquest of Itzamnakh-Balam IV at the end of the VIII century. . www.mezoamerica.ru. Date of treatment March 31, 2015. Archived March 31, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Safronov A.V. Military Union of the Kingdoms of Siyakhchan and Ake at the End of the VIII Century . www.mezoamerica.ru. Date of treatment October 22, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Belyaev, Dmitry Dmitrievich; Safronov, Alexander Vladimirovich. The rulers of Yashchilan . www.mezoamerica.ru. Date of treatment February 15, 2015. Archived on April 17, 2013.
Links
- Belyaev D. D .; Safronov A.V. Rulers of Yashchilan . www.mezoamerica.ru. Date of treatment February 15, 2015. Archived on April 17, 2013.
- Safronov A.V. Conquest of Itzamnakh-Balam IV at the end of the VIII century . www.mezoamerica.ru. Date of treatment March 31, 2015. Archived March 31, 2015.
- Safronov A.V. Military Union of the Kingdoms of Siyakhchan and Ake at the End of the VIII Century . www.mezoamerica.ru. Date of treatment October 22, 2015.