Heterosexuality (from the Greek. Έτερος - other + Lat. Sexus - gender) - emotional, romantic (platonic), erotic (sensual) or sexual attraction to persons of the opposite sex [1] ; sexual interest in people of the opposite sex and erotic orientation towards them [2] ; erotic focus on an object of the opposite sex [3] ; preference for sexual partners of the opposite sex; the orientation of a person's sexual attraction towards people of the opposite sex [4] .
Heterosexuality is common to most people and bisexual animals [5] .
Content
Basic concepts and terms
The term “heterosexuality” in the close to modern meaning “attraction to the opposite sex” was first proposed by Richard Kraft-Ebing in the book Sexual Psychopathy ( 1886 ) [6] . Kraft-Ebing believed that heterosexuality is an innate instinct with the goal of procreation.
At the turn of the XIX — XX centuries, the term was also used in terms that differ from the modern one [7] . So, in 1892, the Chicago psychiatrist James Kiernan described this mental disorder - "mental hermaphroditism" [8] .
Heterosexuality - in the broad sense of the word, the phenomenon of human sexuality, which includes or may include heterosexual orientation, heterosexual identity and / or heterosexual behavior [9] .
In the narrow sense of the word, heterosexuality is one of the three typical sexual orientations [10] [11] [12] , defined as emotional , romantic ( platonic ), erotic (sensual) or sexual attraction only to persons of the opposite sex . Most specialists call homosexuality and bisexuality as two other sexual orientations (some researchers also highlight pansexuality ) [13] .
Heterosexual orientation is characteristic of the majority of the world's population [14] .
Heterosexuality is associated with procreation: vaginal sex is biologically aimed at conception .
To refer to people of heterosexual orientation, the term “heterosexual” is used, and colloquially, the word “natural” is also used (from natural - natural). The expression “normal orientation” implies that heterosexual relations are the norm, and their alternatives are deviations from this norm [7] . Modern science considers all three sexual orientations as normal and positive types of human sexual orientations [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . The system of ideas, according to which heterosexuality is considered as the only natural and morally and socially acceptable form of human sexuality, is called heterosexism .
An American biologist Kinsey, in his studies of human sexuality, proposed a scale of sexuality (the so-called Kinsey scale ), in which homo- / bi- / heterosexuality acts as one of several subscales, along with such subscales as homo- / bi- / heterosociality, homo - / bi- / hetero-aesthetic, homo- / bi- / hetero-erotic, etc. - see. Studies on sexual preferences (Alfred Kinsey) [13] .
Due to the ambiguity of the term “heterosexuality”, it has recently become customary to use clarifying or narrower terms, for example, to talk about heterosexual orientation or heterosexual behavior, about heterosexuality as a whole (as a phenomenon) or about heterosexuality as a point on the “sexuality” scale Kinsey - except in situations where the meaning of the term "heterosexuality" is clear from the context.
Heterosexual behavior
Heterosexual behavior manifests itself in the following forms [20] : premarital sex, conjugal sex, alternative forms of marriage (for example, the triad), extramarital sex, sex between unmarried people.
Sexy heterosexual technique
For a long time, the idea of vaginal sex as the only normal way of sexual relations dominated in society. The twentieth century is characterized by a decline in the reproductive imperative and an increase in the public acceptance of sex as a way to get pleasure regardless of the goals of conception [7] . In this regard, nonvaginal forms of sexual relations have also become normal.
Forms of heterosexual sex are diverse. In particular, the sexual technique of heterosexuals is largely determined by the individual preferences of partners, the choice of technology that satisfies both [20] .
Sexual techniques include [20] : love games and caresses, genital stimulation, intercourse or coitus , oral-genital sex , anal sex and others. Under love cares usually imply any activity that is different from directly sexual intercourse. The term foreplay is also used. Affectionately partners report a willingness to have sex, give each other sensual pleasure. Weasels consist of touches of hands, kisses.
Preferred genital caresses are different for different people. They are made by hand or orally ( fellatio and cunnilingus ). The main criterion for heterosexuality is often called sexual intercourse, in which the penis is inserted into the vagina, that is, coitus. There are many variants of coitus (man from above, face to face; woman from above; introduction from the back; side by side, and others). Some heterosexual partners also practice anal sex.
See also
- Heteronormatism
- Heterosexism
Notes
- ↑ Psychology. AND I. Dictionary-Reference / Trans. from English K. S. Tkachenko. - M .: FAIR-PRESS. Mike Cordwell. - 2000.
- ↑ Psychoanalytic terms and concepts Dictionary. Ed. Bornessa E. Moore and Bernard D. Fain.
- ↑ Leibin V. Dictionary-reference on psychoanalysis, 2010.
- ↑ Dictionary of Natural Sciences. Glossary.ru
- ↑ Dawkins, Richard . Chapter 5. The roots of religion // God as an illusion = The God Delusion / Per. from English N. Smelkova. - SPb. : ABC, ABC-Atticus , 2014. - P. 211. - 512 p. - (ABC classic). - 3000 copies - ISBN 978-5-389-05381-6 .
- ↑ Richard von Kraft Ebing. Sexual psychopathy
- ↑ 1 2 3 Jonathan Ned Katz The Invention of Heterosexuality
- ↑ Dr. James G. Kiernan. Responsibility in Sexual Perversion. Chicago Medical Recorder, vol. 3 (May 1892): 185-210.
- ↑ Heterosexuality. "Psychologist". Encyclopedia of practical psychology
- ↑ American Psychological Association: Sexual orientation and homosexuality
- ↑ American Psychiatric Association. Sexual Orientation Archival copy of July 22, 2011 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Australian Psychological Society: Sexual orientation and homosexuality
- ↑ 1 2 Sexual orientation // Clinical psychology. Dictionary / Ed. N. D. Tvorogova. - M .: PER SE, 2007. - 416 p. - (Psychological lexicon. Encyclopedic dictionary in six volumes / Ed. By comp. L. A. Karpenko. Under the general. Ed. A. V. Petrovsky).
- ↑ Heterosexuality - Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary of Sexological Terms and Concepts | Library IC NEVRONET
- ↑ Sexual Orientation Archival copy of July 22, 2011 on the Wayback Machine // American Psychiatric Association
- ↑ Sexual orientation and homosexuality // American Psychological Association
- ↑ Sexual orientation and homosexuality // Australian Psychological Society
- ↑ Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation // American Psychological Association
- ↑ Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts // American Psychological Association
- ↑ 1 2 3 Master U., Johnson V., Kolodni R. Osnovy seksologii (inaccessible link)
Literature
- Clinical psychology. Dictionary / Ed. N. D. Tvorogova. - M .: PER SE, 2007. - 416 p. - (Psychological lexicon. Encyclopedic dictionary in six volumes / Ed. By comp. L. A. Karpenko. Under the general. Ed. A. V. Petrovsky).