Polenov, Vasily Dmitrievich

Vasily Polenov was born in a large, cultural noble family on May 20 ( June 1 ), 1844 in St. Petersburg .

His father Dmitry Vasilyevich Polenov , the son of the academician of Russian literature Vasily Alekseevich Polenov , the grandson of Alexei Yakovlevich Polenov , a lawyer and lawyer of the XVIII century, was a famous diplomat , archaeologist and bibliographer . Mother Maria Alekseevna, nee Voeikova, wrote books for children, was engaged in painting; in her youth, she took lessons from academician K.A. Moldavsky , a student of Karl Bryullov . The artist’s uncle, M.V. Polenov (1823-1882), was a senator, one of the reformers of the judicial system of the Russian Empire.

The first childhood impressions of Polenov about virgin nature were associated with the Olonets region . Parents brought Polenov to the Imocenza estate in the Olonets province when he was ten years old. The artist embodied his impressions of this fascinating corner of Veps nature in the paintings: “Hills” (1861), “Sunset” (1869), “Northern Hut” (1870), “Crossing the Oyat River” (1872). The artist dedicated a number of paintings to the Imocheni: “The estate in the Imocenitsa”, “The immigrants in winter”, and “Grandmother’s Garden”. In total, he painted 37 paintings.

However, the most striking childhood impressions were trips to Olshanka, Tambov province ^{[1] [2]} . where was the family estate ^{[3] of} his grandmother on the maternal side of Vera Nikolaevna Voyeykova. Vera Nikolaevna, the daughter of the famous architect Nikolai Lvov , brought up after the early death of her parents in the house of Gavrila Derzhavin , was well versed in Russian history, knew folk poetry, loved to tell her grandchildren Russian folk tales , epics , and traditions . In this atmosphere, the artistic taste of Polenov was formed. Voeikova in every possible way developed her grandchildren’s passion for painting, encouraged creative ambition, organized competitions among children with serious topics for work (“The Court of Tsar Solomon,” “Joshua at the Walls of Jericho,” etc.), awarding, as in academies, “a medal ". ^[four]

The most gifted among the children of the Polenovs were two: the eldest son Vasily and the youngest daughter Elena , who later became real artists. Children were hired painting teachers from the Academy of Arts. The meeting with P.P. Chistyakov became crucial for Polenov's talent. Chistyakov taught drawing and the basics of painting Polenov and his sister in 1856-1861, while still a student at the Academy of Arts. From the very first lessons, the teacher demanded that students study closely the nature.

In 1861-1863, Polenov studied at the Olonets provincial male gymnasium in Petrozavodsk . In memory of this, a memorial plaque is installed on the building.

In 1863 he graduated from high school and enrolled with his brother Alexei at the Physics and Mathematics Department of the Imperial University of St. Petersburg . In the evenings, Polenov attended the Imperial Academy of Arts as a freelance student; studied not only in drawing classes, but also listened to lectures on anatomy , building art, descriptive geometry , and the history of fine arts. At the Academy, his teachers were A. T. Markov , P. V. Vasin, P. M. Shamshin , A. E. Beideman , K. B. Wenig . Polenov was a regular visitor to the opera house and concerts, was fond of Wagner's music, he sang in the student choir of the Academy, composed music.

Soon Polenov became a regular student of the full-scale class of the Academy of Arts. Then he temporarily left the university, completely immersed in painting. In 1867 he graduated from a student’s course at the Academy of Fine Arts, receiving silver medals for his drawings and studies. Following this, he participated in two competitions for gold medals in his chosen class of historical painting. From January 1868 he resumed classes at the university, now at the law faculty. IE Repin recalled: “... In addition, he [Polenov] was a law student at the university and did not stop his studies there. He wrote a dissertation and passed exams. From this period, the picture of his “ Jus primae noctis ” (“The right of the first night”) is the fruit of his legal studies ” ^[5] .

Polenov made his first foreign trip in the summer of 1867, visiting the World Exhibition in Paris. The exposition had a large section with works of folk art crafts from various countries. Unforgettable impressions of what he saw formed the basis of the master's thesis (“On the Importance of Art and its Application to Crafts and Measures Taken by Individual States to Raise Crafts, Introducing an Artistic Element into It”), which Polenov defended at the university. (Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg. F. 14).

In 1869, for the painting “Job and His Friends” Polenov received a small gold medal, and in 1871 (together with I. E. Repin , M. M. Zelensky , E. K. Makarov , E. F. Urlaub , at the request of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich , President of the Imperial Academy of Arts) for the competition work “Christ resurrects the daughter of Jairus” - a large gold medal ^{[6] [7]}

Having simultaneously graduated from a university course in the Faculty of Law in 1871 , Polenov in 1872 went abroad as a pensioner of the Academy . He visited Vienna , Munich , Venice , Florence and Naples , lived for a long time in Paris and painted there, among other things, the painting “The Countess d'Etremont's Arrest” ^[8] , which provided him with the title of academician in 1876 ^[9] .

In the summer of 1874 he worked in Normandy (the resort town of ), where he was invited by I. E. Repin , who was also there as a pensioner of the Academy. Here Polenov discovers new tasks for landscape painting ("Norman Coast", "Fishing Boat. Etretat . Normandy") ^[10] . In 1874, his painting "The Right of the Master" was exhibited at the Spring Salon in Paris. In 1875 he worked on the paintings “Conspiracy of Gyoses” and “The Prodigal Son” (not finished), “Family grief”.

Having returned to Russia in 1876, he soon went to the Serbian-Montenegrin-Turkish war in the army of General M.G. Chernyaev. Under the command of Colonel Andreev, as part of the "flying detachment", Polenov participated in military battles, for which he was awarded the following awards: the Serbian silver medal "For Courage", which he was awarded by the Montenegrin voivode, the delegate from Montenegro to the High Command of Serbia and Montenegro, Masho Vrbica, with the Serbian Gold Order “Such a Cross” with the inscription “For Faith, Prince and Fatherland”, as well as “Certificate of Courage” for participating in the battles on October 7, 8, 9, 1876, issued by volunteer artist Colonel Andreev ^{[11 ]} . In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish war, he was at headquarters in the Ruschuk detachment under the command of the heir to the Crown Prince (later Emperor Alexander III ). All this time he collaborated with the illustrated magazine "The Bee" , for which he sent sketches and studies.

In 1877-1878 he worked on sketches for the film "Lassalle gives a lecture in a working club."

Since the 1870s, Polenov worked a lot in the field of theatrical and decorative art (scenography) . In 1882 - 1895 he was a teacher at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture , where among his students were I. I. Levitan , K. A. Korovin , I. S. Ostroukhov , A. E. Arkhipov , A. Ya. Golovin and E. M. Tatevosyan ^[9] .

In 1877 , Polenov settled in Moscow. A year later, at the VI Traveling Exhibition, Polenov shows his painting “ Moscow Courtyard ”, which later became his visiting card, painted from nature in Arbat Lane. After its resounding success, the artist becomes the ancestor of a new genre - “intimate landscape” ^[12] . Since 1879 - member of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions . It gains fame as a master of the epic landscape, which it will increase by settling on the Oka and traveling to places related to the cradle of Christianity.

In 1881 - 1882 , he went with the expedition of Prince S. S. Abamelek-Lazarev and A. V. Prakhov on his first trip to the Middle East and in biblical places : to Constantinople , Palestine , Syria and Egypt , from where he brings sketches and sketches to large-scale canvas " Christ and the Sinner ", as well as other paintings written in a new manner of writing found by Polenov during the trip ("Nile at the Theban Range", 1881; "First Nile threshold", not dated; "Nile, away from the pyramids", 1881 and others).

In 1883 - 1884 , Italy continued to work on the painting "Christ and the Sinner", which he exhibited in 1887 at the XV Exhibition of Wanderers. In 1888, he painted the painting “On Tiberias (Genisaret) Lake”.

As a child, Polenov spent the summer on the estate of his father Imocenza ^[13] in the Olonets province, where he fell in love with the vast expanses of fields, broad-leaved dense forests descending to mighty rivers. His early landscape works and studies are connected with these places ^[14] . He dreamed of settling in the lap of nature. In 1890, he acquired a small estate of Bykhovo in the Tula province, on a high bank above the Oka . In a quiet place, in a pine forest, a little away from the village, with the money from the sale of the painting “Christ and the Sinner” ^[15] , he built the house according to his own original design, and there were art workshops at the house. The estate was named Borok. In 1904, according to the project of the artist, a building was erected, called the Abbey . In a letter to Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev (October 27, 1904) on this occasion, Polenov remarks: “... We are still in the village where I built my workshop this summer, but for some reason the abbey turned out. Nevertheless, I am incredibly satisfied: the window is huge, the light is wonderful. I’ve dreamed about this all my life, and now somehow I can’t believe it ” ^[16] . There Polenov worked hard and productively, eagerly invited rural children to his house, held informative classes and performances for them, and developed an artistic taste. According to the plan of Polenov, the estate was to become a "nest of artists", and eventually become the first provincial public museum. Polenov built a folk theater for peasants and a church in Behov.

At present, in the estate of Borok (the modern name is Polenovo ), there is the State Memorial Historical, Art and Natural Museum-Reserve of V. D. Polenov , where the unique setting, interior, furniture, library and household items of the owner have been preserved. Its first director was the artist’s son, biologist, professor at Moscow University Dmitry Polenov (1886-1967). ^{[12] [17]}

In 1899, Polenov went to the Middle East for the second time to collect material for the grandiose gospel series "From the Life of Christ", which he completed in 1909 . The exhibition of these paintings was a great success and at the time of the exposition became the central event in the world of painting.

In connection with the role of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich in the events of Bloody Sunday in January 1905, Polenov and Valentin Serov left the Academy of Arts, whose president was Vladimir Alexandrovich ^[18] .

In 1906, in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory , Polenov’s opera Ghosts of Hellas was performed. ^[19]

In 1907 he travels to Germany and Italy . In 1910 - 1911 he again visited Europe.

In 1910 - 1918 Polenov conducted educational activities in Moscow , participated in the organization of the folk theater.

In 1914, an exhibition of paintings from the Life of Christ series was held in Moscow to raise funds in favor of the wounded in World War I.

In 1915 - 1916, on the initiative and sketches of Polenov, the architect O. O. Shishkovsky erected a House on the Zoological Street in Moscow for the Section for Assisting the Settlement of Village, Factory and School Theaters ^[20] ; since 1921 - it is the House of Theater Education named after Academician V. D. Polenov (“Theater House”).

In 1918 - 1919 he lives in Bork, writes the picture "Spill on the Oka."

In 1924, the first solo exhibition was held at the State Tretyakov Gallery, dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the artist. In 1926, Polenov was awarded the title of People's Artist of the Republic. ^[21]

Polenov loved summer very much, and he called the long July days, when the birch reached a full leaf, “central” in the year. It was on such a day, at a deeply advanced age, that he passed away.

The artist died on July 18, 1927 in his estate and was buried in a rural cemetery in the village of Bykhovo on the steep bank of the Oka River , where he so often loved to draw sketches ^[9] . Over his grave, according to the will, an Olonets cross was erected. On the estate Imocenti of the Olonets province, a 10-year-old urban resident Vasya Polenov once for the first time became closely acquainted with nature.

V. D. Polenov was married since 1882 to Natalya Vasilyevna Yakunchikova (1858-1931), ^{[9] the} daughter of a Moscow merchant and industrialist V. I. Yakunchikov . Six children were born from this marriage: two sons (Fedya, the first-born son, died in infancy, in August 1886) and four daughters.

1. Polenov, Alexey Yakovlevich
   1. Polenov, Vasily Alekseevich + first marriage - Marya Andreevna (ur. Khoneneva) (1786-1814) + second marriage - Elena Matveevna (ur. Borozdina) († 05.12.1856)
      1. Polenov, Matvey Vasilievich (1823-1882) - Russian lawyer, senator of the Governing Senate , Privy Councilor
      2. Polenov, Dmitry Vasilievich (1806-1878) - archaeologist, bibliographer + Maria Alekseevna , nee Voeikova
         1. Khrushchova, Vera Dmitrievna (1844-1881) ^[22] + Khrushchov, Ivan Petrovich (1841-1904). Marriage is childless.
         2. Polenova, Elena Dmitrievna (1850-1898) - artist
         3. Polenov, Aleksey Dmitrievich (1845-1918) - economist, landowner of the Kazan volost of the Yelets district , assistant minister in the government P. A. Stolypin. Privy Advisor.
         4. Polenov, Konstantin Dmitrievich (1848-1917) - owner of Anashka farm in the Saratov province
         5. Polenov, Vasily Dmitrievich - artist + Natalya Vasilievna Yakunchikova
            1. Polenov, Fedor Vasilievich (1884-1886)
            2. Polenov, Dmitry Vasilievich (1886-1967) + Anna Pavlovna
               1. Polenov, Fedor Dmitrievich (1929-2000) + Lobanova, Irina Nikolaevna
                  1. Polenov, Lev Fedorovich + Zolotova, Elena Mikhailovna
                     1. Polenova, Anna Lvovna
                     2. Polenov, Ivan Lvovich
               2. second marriage - Gramolina, Natalya Nikolaevna (b. 1940), deputy director for scientific work of the House Museum V.D. Polenova.
                  1. Polenova, Natalia Fedorovna (b. 1975, Moscow), director of the House-Museum V.D. Polenova.
            3. Sakharova-Polenova, Ekaterina Vasilievna (1887-1980) + Sakharov, Nikolai Fedorovich (1881-1964)
            4. Polenova-Lyapina, Maria Vasilievna (1891-1976). Since 1924 - in exile ^[23]
            5. Polenova, Olga Vasilievna (1894-1973)
            6. Polenova, Natalya Vasilievna (younger) (1898-1964)

In December 1915, at the Medynka (now Zoological, 13 ) ^{[24] [25] the} Polenovsky House was inaugurated - the first institution in the world to provide assistance to village and factory theaters. It was created by the Russian artist V. D. Polenov and the industrialist-philanthropist S. I. Mamontov as a result of the transformation of the “Commission for the Promotion of the Settlement of Village Theaters” under the “Union of Stage Figures”, formed in 1909.

In 1915-1916, an unusual mansion was built for the Polenovsky House by the architect Osip Shishkovsky ^[24] (based on sketches and his own original project by Vasily Polenov, at his own expense, with the support of Savva Mamontov) . The building housed an auditorium with 300 seats, a library, rehearsal rooms, workshops, a rental warehouse of portable decorations. The activities of the "Polenovsky House" were not interrupted in the most difficult days of revolutionary hard times and civil war. Amateur and professional theaters subordinated the People's Commissariat for Education as the “Subdivision of the Workers and Peasants' Theater” TEO Narcompros .

In January 1921, the RCT Subdivision was transformed into the Academician V. D. Polenov Theater House of Education (“Theater House”) for the Section for the Promotion of Village, Factory and School Theaters. At this time, new departments were organized in the House: literary, musical, school theater, and art and technology. The People's Theater magazine is starting to appear.

Since 1925, the main focus of the accident to them. VD Polenova becomes the development of rural amateur performances .

February 19, 1930 "Polenovsky House" gets a new name - the Central House of amateur art in the city and village of them. N.K. Krupskaya (CDISK). Then the decision of the People's Commissariat of Education approved the project for the creation of regional and regional art houses. The first nineteen DISKS became the basis of the newly created methodological service of folk art. Their organizers were graduates of the three-year workshops of the Central House.

In 1936, the CDSK was transformed into the All-Union House of Folk Art. N.K. Krupskaya Committee for Arts under the People's Commissariat of the USSR. In this capacity, he existed until 1958, carrying out methodological leadership of amateur performances throughout the Soviet Union.

In 1958, VDNT was renamed the Central House of Folk Art (TsDNT). And in 1978, he received a new building in Sverchkovy Lane.

In 1979, TsDNT became the All-Russian scientific and methodological center of folk art and cultural and educational work. N.K. Krupskaya. In a new building in Sverchkovy Lane House expands its exhibition activities. In the foyer of the second floor small chamber rooms are organized, but very modern in content. Before the restructuring, the VNMC joined the UNESCO International Organization for Folk Art (IOV). The 1980s became a time of revitalization of VNMC international contacts. Working on the basis of cooperation agreements with colleagues from socialist countries, they exchanged working visits and got acquainted with each other's experience.

In 1991, VNMC was transformed into the State Russian House of Folk Art ^[26] , retaining the role of the leading methodological organization in the field of support, preservation and development of folk art and cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation. Functions for cultural and leisure activities were transferred to the newly organized Center of Crafts at the same time. After the dissolution of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR and the All-Union NMC, new employees joined the GRNTT team. Now the director of the SRST is Purtova Tamara Valentinovna . Address GRDNT: Sverchkov Lane , 8, building 3.

29 декабря 2016 года Государственному Российскому Дому народного творчества, как учреждению-правопреемнику «Поленовского дома», по письменному согласованию с представителями семьи наследников художника — правнучкой Н. Ф. Поленовой, директором музея заповедника В. Д. Поленова, и невесткой сына Н. Н. Грамолиной, заместителем директора по научной работе музея-заповедника В. Д. Поленова, в соответствии с утверждённым приказом Министерства культуры РФ от 1 июня 2011 года № 686, вернули историческое имя русского художника, академика живописи В. Д. Поленова.

• В январе 1921 года в Москве был создан Дом театрального просвещения имени Василия Дмитриевича Поленова. В 1925 году он был переименован в Центральный Дом искусства в деревне имени Василия Дмитриевича Поленова. Приказом Наркомпроса РСФСР от 19 февраля 1930 года был переименован в Центральный дом народного творчества имени Надежды Константиновны Крупской ^[27]
• 29 декабря 2016 года Государственному Российскому Дому народного творчества возвращено историческое имя В. Д. Поленова.
• В Петрозаводске на бывшем здании Олонецкой губернской мужской гимназии , где обучался Василий Поленов (ныне в здании расположен Музей изобразительных искусств Республики Карелия ), установлена мемориальная доска в честь Василия Поленова.
• В Петрозаводске 27 декабря 2018 года образована улица Поленова.
• В честь В. Д. Поленова астроном Крымской Астрофизической Обсерватории Людмила Карачкина назвала астероид (4940) Polenov, открытый 18 августа 1986 года.
• В 2010 году в издательстве «Молодая гвардия» была выпущена книга М. И. Копшицера «Поленов» из серии «Жизнь замечательных людей» . ^[28]
• Государственный музей-усадьба Василия Дмитриевича Поленова ( село Поленово ) ^[29] .
• Единственный в России памятник художнику установлен 8 октября 2017 года в Подольске, в парке «Дубрава» микрорайона «Климовск». Авторы памятника — заслуженный художник Российской Федерации , скульптор Александр Рожников и архитектор Михаил Тихомиров ^[30] .
• В июле 2015 в городке Вёль-ле-Роз, на побережье французской Нормандии открылся сквер имени Василия Поленова ( Square Vassily Polenov ) ^{[31] [32]} .
• В Париже на доме № 31 по улице Верон 6 октября 2016 года была открыта мемориальная доска в честь Ильи Репина и Василия Поленова, снимавших здесь мастерскую ^[33] .

Нумизматика

• В 2012 году ЦБР выпустил в обращение серебряную монету «Музей-заповедник В. Д. Поленова, Тульская обл.» номиналом в 25 рублей ^[34] .

• Scenery

• Белоглазова Н. М. В. Поленов и Е. Поленова в Абрамцеве .
• Сахарова Е. В. Василий Дмитриевич Поленов. Letters. Diaries. Memories. — 2 изд. — М.— Л.: Искусство, 1950.
• Юрова Т. В. В. Д. Поленов. — М. : ГИ Искусство, 1961.
• Поленов В. Д., Поленова Е. Д. Хроника семьи художников. — М. , 1964.
• Юнге Е.Ф. Воспоминания. Переписка. Сочинения. 1843—1911 . — М. : Кучково Поле, 2017.
• Кондаков С. Н. Юбилейный справочник Императорской Академии художеств. 1764—1914 . — Спб.: Товарищество Р. Голике и А. Вильборг, 1915. — Т. 2. — С. 156. — 454 с.
• Копшицер М. И. Поленов. Серия ЖЗЛ. — М. : Молодая гвардия, 2010. — ISBN 978-5-235-03383-2 .
• Лясковская О. А. В. Д. Поленов: 1844—1927 / О. А. Лясковская. — Л.: Государственная Третьяковская Галерея, 1946. — 62 с.: 30л. илл
• Пастон Э. В. Василий Поленов. — М. : Белый город, 2010. — ISBN 5-7793-0225-1 .
• Mojenok-Ninin T . Vassili Polenov chevalier de la beaute [Текст] / Tatiana Mojenok-Ninin. — Rouen: editions point de vues, 2014. — 200 c.: ил. — ISBN-978-2-915548-87-7

• «Журнал им. А. Л. Поленова» — биография Поленовых, начиная с прапрадеда художника
• Поленов, Василий Дмитриевич на « Родоводе ». Tree of ancestors and descendants
• Поленов, Василий Дмитриевич в библиотеке «Старатель»
• Полное собрание произведений, аудиобиография, карта жизни и произведений В. Поленова
• «Московский дворик» — история создания
• Усадьба Поленово в Заокском районе Тульской области
• М. И. Копшицер. «Поленов»
• Религиозные мотивы в творчестве В. Д. Поленова. Статьи и репродукции на сайте Императорского Православного Палестинского Общества
• Биография и 56 картин Василия Дмитриевича Поленова
• Элеонора Пастон. «Поэтическая правда» Москвы // Журнал «Третьяковская галерея» , № 1, 2007 (14)
• Элеонора Пастон. Василий Поленов: «Я несказанно люблю евангельское повествование...» // Журнал «Третьяковская галерея» , № 4, 2011 (33)
• Элеонора Пастон. Москва, как много в этом звуке... // Журнал «Третьяковская галерея» , № 3, 2013 (40)
• Государственный Российский Дом народного творчества. История // Из истории ГРДНТ: становление и развитие методической службы народного творчества России. Из книги: Дома народного творчества России: ретроспектива и современность ( foto ). Государственный Российский Дом народного творчества. 2009. — 489 с. ISBN 5983350277 , ISBN 9785983350274
• Передвижники. Василий Поленов ООО Студия «НЕОФИТ», ГТРК «Культура», 2017
• История одного шедевра: «Московский дворик» Поленова