Overlap

Depending on the purpose of the construction object, architects, designers and ordinary developers make the most diverse demands on the floors, including, for example, aesthetic and even psychological, but most often five basic characteristics are used as the main indicators of the performance of the floors: bearing capacity (strength), fire resistance, earthquake resistance, thermal insulation and sound insulation.

The classification of floors can be based on a variety of classification features. The most common floors are divided by purpose (interfloor, attic, basement) or the material from which the supporting structures of the floor are made: wooden, stone, brick, reinforced concrete, metal, plastic, combined. The latter classification is the most common.

Floor Materials

Reinforced concrete floors

Currently, the most common type of flooring is reinforced concrete flooring. This is due primarily to the widespread use of concrete structures in construction. All reinforced concrete structures are divided into three main types: monolithic, built on site; prefabricated, made up of individual elements made in advance, and precast-monolithic, combining precast reinforced concrete elements and monolithic concrete ^[3] .

Recently, in Russia, under the pretext of simplicity in manufacturing and speed of construction, the need for monolithic reinforced concrete frames with flat beam-free ceilings is substantiated ^{[4] [5]} . In this case, the load from the hinged system is transferred directly to the ceiling or external load-bearing walls and pylons. The increased consumption of materials on such ceilings is not taken into account, while forgetting that the most remarkable high-rise buildings, including in Moscow City, were beam-type.

The first references to prefabricated-monolithic ceilings in Europe are dated 1905-1906. In this case, “Hollow overlap with easy filling” was considered, in which “voids are formed by wooden boxes or reed boxes”. After a short time, wooden crates were replaced in the ceilings with burnt hollow bricks or concrete hollow blocks. In the years 1933-1935. prefabricated monolithic floors with wooden crates were used in the construction of the Red Theater in Leningrad . The use of lightweight ceilings here was theoretically supported by the domestic textbook of Rudolf Zaliger, 1931 edition. In another well-known textbook by Professor K.V. Sakhnovsky, published in 1939, coffered ceilings with light stones are mentioned for the first time and the “Calculation of Frequently Ribbed Ceilings” including coffered ceilings is given. The professor writes that precast monolithic ceilings are widespread abroad, especially in the construction of office and public buildings, where there are no large concentrated or movable goods, and with us they are only gaining popularity. In a 1959 edition, KV Sakhnovsky writes: “Prefabricated monolithic often-ribbed ceilings of this type (only with trusses made of round reinforcing steel) until recently were used in our place (in Leningrad and in the South); they were replaced by prefabricated floors. ” Industrial industrial production of hollow core slabs displaced precast-monolithic ceilings for almost half a century. For more than 25 years, prefabricated monolithic floors in the USSR spread, but hollow slabs for a long time became trendsetters, classics of Russian construction. Architects were forced to adapt to the slabs, and often customize their projects.

Classification by structure ^{[ specify ]}

Vaulted Overlap

Vaulted ceilings are most often found in old stone houses.

Subdivided into:

• tented
• brick arched
• overlapping-shell

Flat floors ^{[ specify ]}

• Ceiling
• Floor
• Overlap-shell

Normative literature

• STO 0047-2005 (02494680, 17523759) Steel- reinforced concrete floors with a monolithic slab on profiled steel flooring. Calculation and design.
• GOST 27108-2016 Prefabricated reinforced concrete frame structures for high-rise buildings with beam-free ceilings. Technical conditions

Technical literature

• Maklakova T.G. andother Chapter 19. "Overlapping" // "Architecture" . - ill. - M .: " DIA ", 2004. - S. 371-383. - 472 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-93093-287-5 .
• Rudolph Zaliger. Reinforced concrete, its calculation and design. - M. – L.: GNTI , 1931.
• Murashev V.I., Gornov V.N. Lightweight reinforced concrete structures. Flat floors with stones and boxes. - M. - L .: Gosstroyizdat , 1933.
• prof. K.V. Sakhnovsky. Reinforced concrete structures. - Gosstroyizdat , 1939.
• K.V. Sakhnovsky. Reinforced concrete structures. - 8th, revised .. - M .: Gosstroyizdat , 1959.
• Ernst Neufert . Construction design. - M .: Stroyizdat , 1991.

Encyclopedic Articles

• Overlapping // Technical Encyclopedia . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1932. - T. 16. - St. 149-150
• Overlappings // Big Russian Encyclopedia . - M. , 2014 .-- T. 25 .-- S. 634-635.

• Types of floors
• Calculation of the cross-section and length of floor beams
• Types of precast monolithic floors