Jeronimo

Goyatlai (Jeronimo) was born in a poor tribe, which is a phratry of the Chiricahua tribe (part of the Apache nation), near the Gila River , in the territory of modern Arizona , at that time - in the possession of Mexico , but the Jeronimo family always considered this land to be their own.

The origin of the nickname Jeronimo is unknown. Some believe that it came from St. Jerome (western pronunciation: Jerome), whom Mexican enemies Goyatlaya called for help during the battles. According to another version, the nickname Jeronimo is a transcription of how his friendly Mexican merchants pronounced the real name Goyatlaya.

Jeronimo's parents trained him in accordance with the Apache tradition. He married a woman from the Chirikaua tribe and had three children. On March 5, 1851, a detachment of 400 Mexican soldiers from the state of Sonora led by Colonel Jose Maria Carrasco attacked the Jeronimo camp near Hanos , while most of the tribe's men went to the city to trade. Among the dead were his wife, children and mother Jeronimo.

The leader of the tribe, Mangas Coloradas , decided to take revenge on the Mexicans and sent Goyatlaya to Kochis for help. Although, according to Jeronimo himself, he was never the leader of the tribe, from that moment he became his military leader. For the Chirikaua tribe, this also meant that he was also a spiritual leader. It was Jeronimo who led many raids against the Mexicans, and subsequently against the US Army.

Always inferior to the enemy in number in the battle with the Mexican and American forces, Jeronimo became famous for his courage and elusiveness, which he demonstrated from 1858 to 1886 . At the end of his military career, he led a tiny detachment of 38 men, women, and children. For a whole year, 5,000 US Army soldiers (a quarter of the entire American army at that time) and several Mexican army units hunted him. The people of Jeronimo were among the last independent Native American warriors to refuse to recognize the power of the United States government in the American West. The end of the resistance came on September 4, 1886 , when Jeronimo was forced to surrender to American General Nelson Miles in Arizona.

Jeronimo and the other warriors were sent to Fort Pickens , Florida , and his family to Fort Marion . They reunited in May 1887 , when they were all transported together to Mount Vernon Barracks in Alabama for five years. In 1894, Jeronimo was transported to Fort Sill in Oklahoma .

In old age he became a celebrity. He has appeared at exhibitions, including the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis , Missouri , where he sold souvenirs and his own photographs. However, he was not allowed to return to the land of his ancestors. In 1905, Geronimo participated in a parade on the occasion of the inauguration of US President Theodore Roosevelt . He asked the president to return his tribe back to Arizona , but was refused.

In early 1909, the 79-year-old Jeronimo fell off his horse and lay on the ground until morning. Three days later, on February 17, 1909, he died of pneumonia at Fort Sill and was buried in the local cemetery of the captured Apache Indians.

In 1905, Geronimo agreed to tell his story to S.M. Barrett, head of the Department of Education in Lawton (Oklahoma Territory). Barrett requested permission from the president to publish the book. Geronimo told only what he wanted to tell, did not answer questions and did not change anything in his narrative. Presumably Barrett did not make his own major changes in Jeronimo's story. Frederick Turner later reprinted this autobiography, removing Barrett's notes and writing an introduction for non-Apaches ^[3] .

• The first film about the Apache leader, “Jeronimo” was released in the United States in 1939 at Paramount Pictures .
• In 1952, the United States directed by Ray Nazarro the film "Indian Rebellion" was shot , in which one of the main characters is Jeronimo, whose role was played by Mexican actor Miguel Inclan .
• In 1962, the movie “Jeronimo” was released in the United States film company Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (directed by Arnold Leven, starring Chuck Connors .
• In 1993, the movie company Columbia Pictures shot the movie Jeronimo: An American Legend (directed by Walter Hill , starring Wes Studi ).
• In the same 1993, Turner Pictures released the film Jeronimo (directed by Roger Young , starring Joseph Runningfox).

• The cry "Jeronimo!" Is used in the US by paratroopers during a jump from an airplane. In 1940, a private of the 501st experimental airborne regiment named Eberhard suggested a friend use the name of an Indian from the film he had watched on the eve of the movie as a war cry . After a while, the entire platoon shouted furiously “Jeronimo!”, Landing from an airplane, and today this cry is already traditional for the airborne units of the US armed forces. As a military exclamation, symbolizing rage, courage and faith in victory (similar in meaning to the Russian “ Hurray! ” And the Japanese “ Banzai !”), The cry “Jeronimo!” Is mentioned in various works of literature, cinema, and computer games.

• The cry “Jeronimo!” Is used by the Eleventh Doctor , the hero of the British science fiction series Doctor Who , Agent Johnny English , the hero of the film of the same name, when parachuting from a helicopter, as well as polar bears from the animated film “ Balto ” when jumping into a frozen lake.
• The same cry, but with a slightly different meaning, is used by the character of Mel Gibson in the 1997 film “Conspiracy Theory”: “Love gives wings, makes you fly. I call it Geronimo. When you love, you jump from the Empire State Building, and in flight, shout to her: "Jeronimo!" "

• The cry "Jeronimo!" Is used by Frankenstein in the cartoon " Monsters on Vacation " (the original name is "Hotel Transylvania"), while jumping from the tentacle of a huge monster into the pool. Translators replaced this cry with a similar Russian "Landing!"
• The cry “Jeronimo!” Is used by Jedidaya and Guy Octavius ​​from the movie “ Night at the Museum ”, while jumping from the curb.
• The cry "Jeronimo!" Is used by Wallace in the cartoon " The Incredible Adventures of Wallace and Gromit: Haircut" to zero ", falling from a bed on the second floor directly onto a chair in the kitchen, through a hatch between floors.
• The cry "Jeronimo!" Uses Applejack in the animated series " My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic ", jumping from a height on the bed. (Episode "Look Before You Sleep", Season 1)
• Also, the cry "Jeronimo" is used in one of the stories of the American writer O. Henry, namely in the work "The Leader of the Redskins."
• Also the cry "Jeronimo!" Said the heroine of the series "Sleepy Hollow" Lieutenant Abby Mills in episode 3.18, jumping into a bottomless well, getting out of the Catacombs, along with his friend and partner Ikabod Crane.
• The cry "Jeronimo" was used in the comedy film " Hot Heads 2 " when parachuting the main characters of the film.
• The cry "Jeronimo" is used in the computer game Borderlands 2 when jumping the protagonist from a cliff.

• In the Computer game Starcraft II, this cry is used as one of the replicas of the Terran faction unit Reaper (in the official Russian localization - The Cutthroat).
• The cry "Jeronimo" is used at the end of the feature film "The Devil's Mansion " with Sharon Stone in the title role.
• The cry "Jeronimo" was used in the computer game "Die Hard Trilogy 2", when John McLain jumped on a jeep from a cliff, while chasing terrorists.
• In the alternative historical saga “Kirov” by John Shettler, the code designation “Jeronimo” was assigned by British intelligence from the Second World War to a mysterious ship, presumably from the distant future — that is, the Russian nuclear-powered missile cruiser “Kirov”, which fell into the era of World War II.
• The cry "Jeronimo" was used by the protagonist of the movie "Gunhed"
• The cry "Jeronimo!" Uses a character from the smasher class in one of his mega-prizes in Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel!
• The cry "Jeronimo!" Uses the hero of the movie Kissing Box when he jumps into the pool.
• In the Ice Age 3: Dinosaur Era animation, Ellie jumps onto the dinosaur’s neck with the same cry.

• Geronimo's Story of His Life; as told to Stephen Melvil Barrett. Published: New York, Duffield & Company, 1906. Online at Webroots; Edition Oct 15 2002
• Geronimo (edited by Barrett) “ Geronimo, His Own Story ” New York: Ballantine Books 1971. ISBN 0-345-28036-9 . Also ISBN 0-85052-104-1
• Carter, Forrest . "Watch for Me on the Mountain." Delta. 1990. (Originally entitled "Cry Geronimo".)
• Opler, Morris E .; & French, David H. (1941). Myths and tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians . Memoirs of the American folk-lore society, (Vol. 37). New York: American Folk-lore Society. (Reprinted in 1969 by New York: Kraus Reprint Co .; in 1970 by New York; in 1976 by Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co .; & in 1994 under ME Opler, Morris by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0- 8032-8602-3 ).
• Pinnow, Jurgen. (1988). Die Sprache der Chiricahua-Apachen: Mit Seitenblicken auf das Mescalero [The language of the Chiricahua Apache: With side glances at the Mescalero] . Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
• Davis, Britton "The Truth about Geronimo " New Haven: Yale Press 1929
• Bigelow, John Lt " On the Bloody Trail of Geronimo " New York: Tower Books 1958
• Debo, Angie . Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place . University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1976
• Pember, Mary Annette. (July 12, 2007). “'Tomb Raiders': Yale's ultra-secret Skull and Bones Society is believed to possess the skull of legendary Apache chief Geronimo.” Diverse Issues in Higher Education 24 (11), 10-11. Retrieved April 23, 2008. [1]
• Faulk, Odie B. The Geronimo Campaign . Oxford University Press: New York, 1969. ISBN 0-19-508351-2
• Dee Brown, Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee . New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970. ISBN 0-03-085322-2

• David Roberts: The Story of Jeronimo (National Geographic, vol 182, No. 4, pp. 46-71)
• Biography of Geronimo hosted by the Indigenous People Portal
• Photograph of Geronimo hosted by the Portal to Texas History
• Geronimo Surrender Monument at Apache, Arizona.
• Geronimo: His own story
• Geronimo at Indians.org
• New york times obituary
• Who Was Geronimo, and Why is There Controversy Over His Remains? by Guy Adams, The Independent , June 23, 2009
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Geronimo (Apache leader)