The Amarnian period is a term in Egyptology , which refers to the time of the reign of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten and a number of his followers in the XIV-XIII centuries BC. e., in the late Bronze Age [1] .
Content
History
In 5 of his reign, Akhenaten founded the new capital Ahetaton (Sky of Aton , also Horizon of Aton) in Central Egypt, which was located on the site of modern Amarna , in a valley closed by mountains on the east bank of the Nile , 300 km south of Cairo . Two years later, the city was declared the capital [3] . Ahetaton was built from scratch in a fairly short time. Most of the city structures were built for speed not from stone, but from fragile raw bricks.
Akhenaton extolled the cult of Aten instead of the dominant cult of Amon in order to break the resistance of the priests of Amon and strengthen their power. Religious reform has led to significant changes in other areas of ideology, especially in the visual arts , which in ancient times served in the service of the cult.
The city of Akhetaton existed for about 15 years, until the death of Akhenaten. Having become a pharaoh, Tutankhamen moved the capital to Memphis , and General Horemheb destroyed part of the central buildings of Ahetaton [4] . Sources of the last years of the Akhenat reign are scarce, primarily because of subsequent attempts to destroy the memory of him. It was followed by a period of rapid change of rulers, which ended with the appearance of a new dynasty of the pharaohs, which indicates a political crisis after the rule of Akhenaton [5] .
The ruins of ancient Ahetaton were found by Napoleon’s soldiers during his Egyptian campaign , and John Gardner Wilkinson began a scientific study of the area [6] . The discovery in 1887 by a certain fellah of the Amarn archive with the correspondence of the pharaohs and Middle Asian rulers led to the first systematic excavations in 1891/1892 by the Egyptian Research Society under the leadership of the Egyptologist Flinders Peters [7] [8] . Since this archive reflected the geopolitical situation of the 15th and the end of the 13th centuries, the term Amarnian period is used as an anachronism to describe the time described.
Foreign policy environment
By the beginning of Akhenaten's rule, the Egyptian empire was at the height of its power and wealth, and friendly relations existed with the kings of Mitanni and Babylonia . During the rule of Akhnaton, foreign relations deteriorated, and the provinces under their control refused to obey, entering into other alliances.
By the end of the Amarnian period, the Hittites , the Mitanni and the Egyptians fought for control over the modern territory of Syria . The governor of Egypt in the province of Amurru, Prince Aziru, joined the Hittites and made an agreement with them. The ruler of the Hittite kingdom Supppilulium I in approx. 1340 BC er He laid siege to the powerful Mitannian fortress Carchemish [9] .
Art
See also
- Amarna Archive
- Atonism
- Dahamuntsu
Notes
- Any Podany, Amanda H. Brotherhood of kings: how international relations form the ancient Near East . - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. - p. 189. - 398 p. - ISBN 9780195313987 .
- ↑ David P. Silverman, Josef W. Wegner, Jennifer Houser Wegner. Akhenaten and Tutankhamun: Revolution and Restoration . - UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 2006. - p. 43, 48-50. - 226 s. - ISBN 9781931707909 .
- ↑ The Official Website of the Amarna Project . The appeal date is October 1, 2008. Archived on October 8, 2008.
- ↑ Jessica Joyce Christie, Jelena Bogdanovic, Eulogio Guzmán. Political Landscapes of Capital Cities . - University Press of Colorado, 2016. - pp. 39-40, 49-53. - 425 s. - ISBN 9781607324690 .
- ↑ Redford, Donald B. Akhenaten, the heretic king . - Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984. - 255 p. - ISBN 0691035679 .
- ↑ Amarna. Lebensräume - Lebensbilder - Weltbilder / Christian Tietze. - Weimar, 2010. - p. 36.
- ↑ Eric P. Uphill. Tell el-Amarna, city / Kathryn A. Bard. - Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. - London: Routledge, 1999. - p. 763. - ISBN 0-415-18589-0 .
- ↑ Nicholas Reeves. Akhenaten: Egypt's False Prophet. - London: Thames & Hudson, 2005. - 208 p. - ISBN 9780500285527 .
- ↑ Oliver Gurney. The Hittites. - Science, 1987. - 234 p. - (In the wake of the disappeared cultures of the East). - 30 000 copies
Literature
- The general history of architecture. Volume 1. Under the general editorship of D. E. Arkina, N. I. Brunova, M. Ya. Ginzburg (Editor-in-Chief), N. Ya. Colli, I. L. Matz. M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Architecture of the USSR, 1944
- Raymond Cohen, Raymond Westbrook (Hrsg.): Amarna Diplomacy. The Beginnings of International Relations. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2000, ISBN 0-8018-7103-4 .
- Marc Van de Mieroop ca. 3000-323 BC . 2. Auflage. Blackwell Publishers, Malden MA 2007, ISBN 978-1-4051-4911-2 , S. 129—201.
- Amanda H. Podany: Brotherhood of Kings. How International Relations shaped the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press, Oxford ua 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531398-7 . S. 189-304.
- Michael E. Habicht: Nofretete und Echnaton. Das Geheimnis der Amarna-Mumien. Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig 2011, ISBN 978-3-7338-0381-0 .