School of tower - followers - St. Petersburg and Moscow military schools for the training of tower-followers ( cadets preparing for officers of the General Staff ). The Moscow school, located in the house of N. N. Muravyov , among whose graduates there were at least two dozen Decembrists .
Content
History of the St. Petersburg School
It was organized on the initiative and project of the manager of the retinue of His Imperial Majesty for the quartermaster part of Prince P.M. Volkonsky . [1] This educational institution was a prototype of the Academy of the General Staff .
August 7, 1811.
To the Minister of War and Cavalier Barclay de Tolly.
Quartermaster
Adjutant General Prince Volkonsky
Report.
I believe the General Staff is one of the Most important units of the army, I consider it necessary that the officials of this corps have knowledge both in theory and practice ... on this part are inevitably necessary. Until now, the officers of the indicated corps entered the army from the Army or were promoted to the ranks from the columnists. These latter were accepted, although with some preliminary knowledge; but in the continuation of their service, they did not do science for lack of something: first, the places where they would gather; and secondly, professors or teachers who could confirm them in the sciences, why they soon forgot what they had learned before being assigned to the service. Moreover, being unattended in different parts of the city, it’s convenient to reproach their honor with their vices in their youth. Such circumstances prompted me to draw up a draft institution for columnar workers, in which they not only graduated from the sciences they had begun and were prepared to be worthy officers of the General Staff; But in terms of morality, I would be kept under proper supervision — I hereby transmit with the appreciation of Your Excellency the mentioned project. Happy to mail yourself, whether it deserves your attention and is honored to be submitted by You to His Imperial Majesty for approval.Prince Volkonsky.
Initially, the St. Petersburg convoy school was housed along with the Quartermaster depot .
Mr. War Minister and Cavalier Barclay de Tolly
No. 1194 dated November 28th day of 1810
Quartermaster
Adjutant General Prince Volkonsky.
Report.
For a better order and arrangement of the quarter-master unit, I thought from the very beginning of my entry into the current rank, it is necessary to have a house, in fact, this part belonging to which you would place ............... Depot, the Office of the General-Quartermaster, all the Messrs. Officers and columnists arriving here , as well as a school for the latter, whose project from me has been presented to Your Excellency. The combination of officials in one place is a tangible benefit for this service, because it requires special work and care in its work, which qualities in the circle of the whole class are easily detected and even the most private behavior of each official is recognized, also less that many Lord officers, according to what has come down to me, need a small amount of salary and non-property; moreover, Your Excellency, that all units under the authority of the Military Department have their own buildings, only the quartermaster unit is deprived of this royal favor ... Which end did I find for the house of the State Counselor Kakushkin, who, in my opinion, seems convenient for the designated location, especially since it does not require a lot of maintenance, and forward for the consideration of Your Excellency a plan for the whole house and a note sent to me by him signed by himself, about the purpose and conditions on which he intends to sell it to the treasury ....
Prince Volkonsky .
The head of the school was appointed lieutenant colonel A.I. Huts . In addition to this military educational institution, in 1812, the Finnish topographic corps was organized in the state game of Gaopaneshi of the Kuopio province , where no more than 15 cadets were trained. After the fire, this educational institution was reorganized into a cadet corps [2] . During the Patriotic War of 1812, column-driven schools were busy filming New Finland.
History of the Moscow School
Moscow School arose on a private initiative. In 1810 , a student at Moscow University MH Muravyov formed the Society of Mathematicians in Moscow, which aimed to disseminate mathematical knowledge through essays, translations, and teaching; it consisted of university students and candidates, to which some senior teachers joined, and the founding father was elected chairman - HH Muravyev . The latter requested the approval of the charter of society, and its activities were mainly given by the educational direction.
The members of the society divided among themselves the teaching of pure mathematics and some parts of applied, and HH Muravyov took upon himself the teaching of military sciences, as applied to the knowledge required for the quartermaster part (now the Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces ).
Thus, in the house of HH Muravyov on Bolshaya Dmitrovka (now sections of houses 9-11), public free lectures were opened. These lectures were very successful and resumed after the break caused by the Patriotic War .
Prince P.M. Volkonsky , preoccupied with the training of educated officers, invited the students of these lectures to join the service of columnists. In 1815 - 1816 this proposal was accepted by 44 listeners of Muravyov lectures, who successfully passed the exam he proposed, after which these lectures in 1816 were transformed into the Moscow institution for columnar workers [3] , which, although it remained still dependent on HH Muravyov, gained importance public institution in which both students and students were considered to be in the military. Nobles no younger than 16 years old were accepted, according to a preliminary test in Russian, French or German, in arithmetic and in the initial foundations of geography and history; those who did not pass the exam were admitted to a special preparatory class. The column drivers lived in their apartments, but obeyed the supervision of school officers.
The subjects of teaching were:
- arithmetic, algebra up to equations of the second degree inclusive, geometry, trigonometry flat and spherical, application of algebra to geometry, analytic geometry with the inclusion of conic sections and the beginning of higher geodesy,
- fortification, the initial foundations of artillery and tactics;
moreover, the history is universal and Russian, statistics, geography and drawing, especially of situational plans.
The subjects were divided into three courses, each course was completed for 4 months, and in the summer all columnar workers went to Ostashevo , the estate of N. N. Muravyov on the banks of the Ruza River, for practical training.
In 1820, officer classes were instituted at the school of columnar leaders, in which they taught: the continuation of pure mathematics, brief astronomy, geodesy, and a short military history.
In 1823, HH Muravyov, due to his frustrated health, refused to further manage his institution, and it was transferred to St. Petersburg , where a school for columnar workers was formed, which lasted until 1826 .
About 18 people entered the Moscow educational institution from 1816 to 1823 . 138 officers were released from it by officers [4] , including 127 in His Majesty's retinue in the quartermaster unit .
Decembrists
After the uprising of 1825, the Moscow school was closed due to the fact that 13 graduates of this educational institution were in the ranks of the Decembrists [5] [6] .
The convicted 13 graduates of the Decembrists included (in brackets indicates the category of the offender ):
- Avramov, Ivan Borisovich (VII),
- Basargin, Nikolai Vasilievich (II),
- Bobrishchev-Pushkin, Nikolai Sergeevich (VIII),
- Bobrishchev-Pushkin, Pavel Sergeevich (IV),
- Zagoretsky, Nikolai Alexandrovich (VII),
- Zaikin, Nikolai Fedorovich (VIII),
- Kornilovich, Alexander Osipovich (IV),
- Kryukov, Nikolai Alexandrovich (II),
- Likharev, Vladimir Nikolaevich (VII),
- Mukhanov, Peter Alexandrovich (IV),
- Cherkasov, Alexey Ivanovich (VII),
- Chernyshev, Zakhar Grigorievich (Decembrist) (VII) [7] ;
attended separate classes at the school, (but was not graduated) - Naryshkin, Mikhail Mikhailovich (IV).
In addition, the society of mathematicians M.N. Muravyov until 1812 was visited by future Decembrists Muravyov, Artamon Zakharovich (I) and Obolensky, Evgeny Petrovich (I).
According to another source confirming the Lotman list, the total number of Decembrists was at least 24 people.
From this institution, according to N. Chulkov, 23 Decembrists came out:
- 1) I.V. Avramov,
- 2) N.V. Basargin ,
- 3) N.S. Bobrishchev-Pushkin,
- 4) P.S. Bobrishchev-Pushkin ,
- 5) N.A. Zagoretsky,
- 6) N.F. Zaikin ,
- 7) V.P. Zubkov [9] ,
- 8) Peter I. Koloshin [10] ,
- 9) A.O. Kornilovich,
- 10) N.A. Kryukov ,
- 11) N.P. Kryukov [9] ,
- 12) V.N. Likharev ,
- 13) A.Z. Muravyov ,
- 14) P.A. Mukhanov ,
- 15) V. A. Perovsky [11] ,
- 16) P.P. Titov [12] ,
- 17) A. A. Tuchkov [13] ,
- 18) bar. A.I. Cherkasov ,
- 19) Count Z. G. Chernyshev ,
- 20) A.V. Sheremetev , as well as S.I. Muravyov-Apostol , Count V.A. Musin-Pushkin and Pavel Koloshin , who attended separate courses in this institution (mathematics, fortification and geodesy). To the noted Decembrists M.V. Nechkina adds Leo Perovsky . Thus, we have 24 people. This number has become widespread in the printed literature.
But in fact, there were more Decembrists who studied at this institution. In addition to the marked list of Decembrists who completed the Ant school, another 6 people should be added. In the “Cases of the Investigative Commission on Malicious Societies. The alphabet of the Decembrists ”are also listed pr. E. A. Beloselsky-Belozersky , N.V. Putyata, I.F. Yurasov, I.G. Burtsev , N.I. Filippovich, Yuriev are all graduates of the columnar school. Moreover, the first three are on the lists that graduated from this school in 1820 and 1822, and the last 3 officers are noted by N. V. Putyata among the students of N. N. Muravyev as members of the Society of Mathematicians who left with him in 1812. to serve in the army. Finally, to this noble list should be added E.E. Lachinova, who graduated from an educational institution for columnists in 1818. There are 4 more graduates of the school of columnar workers (Tatarinov, Rakhmanov, Raevsky and Kamensky), whose surnames appear in the Alphabet. In the comments to the Alphabet, there are facts confirming the assumption that the marked 4 surnames belong to the same persons. Thus, almost 20 percent of all those who passed through the Muravyov school of columnar leaders were, to one degree or another, in the ranks of the Decembrist movement. What was the atmosphere like in this educational institution so that it was closed due to unreliability?
See also
Graduates of the Moscow School for columnar workers
Notes
- ↑ Rychkov S. Yu. Map Depot and Quartermaster on the Eve of the War of 1812 // Military History Journal . 2006, No. 4.
- ↑ Military Lexicon. St. Petersburg, 1853.// "Military educational institutions and military schools (history)."
- ↑ It is this name of the institution that the famous researcher, professor of Moscow State University, Doctor of Geographical Sciences Vladimir Svyatoslavovich Kusov considers correct. He points out that at different times, in different sources, it is called differently by different authors: “... School for columnar workers, Muravyov school of columnar workers, Moscow School of columnar workers. This discord is not accidental. The full history of the Moscow institution for columnar workers (such is its correct name) has not yet been written, there have been only a few episodic attempts. ”- V. S. Kusov. Cartographer Alexander Fomich Veltman. The Moscow Journal 01. 05. 2000
- ↑ Glinotsky, N.P. . "History of the Russian General Staff, 1698-1825." T. 1-2. St. Petersburg, 1883-1894.
- ↑ Igor Ponomarev Freethinker School . Neva 2006, No. 6.
- ↑ Other military institutions have made no less contribution here; in the comments to Lotman’s study “Eugene Onegin“ Roman A. S. Pushkin ”, it was noted that out of 456 persons included in the“ Decembrist Alphabet ”, 125 graduated from military establishments, of which 30 were from the Marine Corps, 28 from Page them - Pestel), 24 - School of columnar leaders (13 of them were convicted)
- ↑ In the book of N.P. Glinoecki "History of the Russian General Staff, 1698-1825." In the list of graduates of the school - is missing
- ↑ Teterin G. N. “History of geodesy in Russia (until 1917).” Internet resource [1]
- ↑ 1 2 Released with exemption certificate.
- ↑ Taught at the School of Fortification and General History.
- ↑ Not arrested.
- ↑ After arrest and trial, sent to a distant garrison.
- ↑ Some time after the arrest, he was released.
Sources
- OPI GIM. F. 18 (Personal fund of Peter Mikhailovich Volkonsky). - D. 7. - L. 1-2.
- Patriotic War of 1812. Sources. Monuments. Problems: Materials of the XII All-Russian Scientific Conference (Borodino, September 6-8, 2004). - M .: Polygraph service, 2005 .-- 458 p.
- Column-follower school // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.